Inside soviet military intelligence
Viktor
Suvorov
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Copyright (c) 1984 by Viktor Suvorov
ISBN 0-02-615510-9
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Viktor Suvorov. Inside soviet military intelligence
To the memory of Oleg Vladimirovich Penkovsky
Introduction
PART
1 The Triumvirate
2 History
3 The Pyramid
4 The GRU and the Military Industrial Commission (VPK)
5 But Why is Nothing Known about it?
6 The GRU and the 'Younger Brothers'
7 The GRU and the KGB
8 The Centre
9 The Procurement Organs
10 Fleet Intelligence
11 The GRU Processing Organs
12 Support Services
PART TWO
1 Illegals
2 The Undercover Residency
3 Agents
4 Agent Recruiting
5 Agent Communications
6 The Practice of Agent Work
7 Operational Intelligence
8 Tactical Reconnaissance
9 The Training and Privileges of Personnel
Conclusion
For GRU Officers Only
Appendix A: Leaders of Soviet Military Intelligence
Appendix B: The GRU High Command and Leading GRU Officers
Appendix C: Some Case Histories of GRU Activities
Index
There is but one opinion as to which country in the world possesses the
most powerful secret intelligence service. Without the slightest doubt that
country is the Soviet Union, and the name of the monstrous secret organisation
without precedent in the history of mankind is the KGB. But on the question as
to which country possesses the second most powerful secret organisation, the
opinions of specialists differ. Strange as it may seem, the country to which
this organisation belongs is also the Soviet Union, and the organisation itself
is called the Chief Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff.
This book was written in order to confirm this simple fact.
At first it was conceived as an instructional manual for a narrow circle
of specialists. Subsequently it was revised by the author for a wider public.
The revision was confined mainly to the excision of certain definitions and
technical details which would be of little interest. Even after this, there
remained in the book many details of a technical nature, which may sometimes
make for difficult reading. But though I may apologise, there is nothing to be
done. In order to understand a disease (and the desire to understand a disease
implies a desire to fight against it), one must know its pathology as well as
its symptoms.
***
For one of their very first chosen myths, the communists decided to
record that the organs of enforcement of the new State were not created until
the nineteenth of December 1917. This falsehood was circulated in order to
prove that Soviet power, in the first forty-one days of its existence, could
dispense with the mass executions so familiar to other revolutions. The
falsehood is easily exposed. It is sufficient to look at the editions of the
Bolshevist papers for those days which shook the world. The Organs and
subsequent mass executions existed from the first hour, the first minute, the
first infantile wail of this Soviet power. That first night, having announced
to the world the birth of the most bloodthirsty dictatorship in its history,
Lenin appointed its leaders. Among them was comrade A. I. Rikov, the head of
the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs which sounds less innocuous in
its abbreviation, NKVD. Comrade Rikov was later shot, but not before he had
managed to write into the history of the Organs certain bloody pages which the
Soviet leadership would prefer to forget about. Fifteen men have been appointed
to the post of Head of the Organs, of which three were hounded out of the
Soviet government with ignominy. One died at his post. One was secretly
destroyed by members of the Soviet government (as was later publicly admitted).
Seven comrades were shot or hanged, and tortured with great refinement before
their official punishment. We are not going to guess about the futures of three
still living who have occupied the post. The fate of the deputy heads has been
equally violent, even after the death of comrade Stalin.
The paradox of this endless bloody orgy would seem to be this. Why does
the most powerful criminal organisation in the world so easily and freely give
up its leaders to be torn to pieces? How is the Politburo able to deal with
them so unceremoniously, clearly not experiencing the slightest fear before
these seemingly all-powerful personalities and the organisations headed by
them? How is it that the Politburo has practically no difficulties in
displacing not only individual heads of State Security but in destroying whole
flocks of the most influential State Security officers? Where lies the secret
of this limitless power of the Politburo?
The answer is very simple. The method is an old one and has been used
successfully for thousands of years. It boils down to the principle: 'divide
and rule'. In the beginning, in order to rule, Lenin divided everything in
Russia that was capable of being divided, and ever since the communists have
continued faithfully to carry out the instructions of the great founder of the
first proletarian state.
Each system of governing the State is duplicated and reduplicated.
Soviet power itself is duplicated. If one visits any regional committee of the
Party and then the Regional Executive Committee one is struck by the fact that
two separate organizations having almost identical structures and deciding
identical problems nevertheless take completely contradictory decisions.
Neither one of these organisations has the authority to decide anything
independently.
This same system exists at all stages and at all levels of the
Government. If we look at the really important decisions of the Soviet
leadership, those which are published in the papers, we will find that any one
of them is taken only at joint sessions of the Central Committee of the Party
and the Council of Ministers. I have in front of me as I write the last joint resolution
on raising the quality and widening the range of production of children's toys.
Neither the Council of Ministers of the gigantic State structure nor the
Central Committee of the ruling Party is able, since neither has the power and
authority, to take an independent decision on such an important matter. But we
are not talking here just about Ministers and First Secretaries. At all lower
levels the same procedure is to be observed. For example, only a joint decision
of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of a republic and the Council
of Ministers of the same republic, or the Provincial Committee and the
Provincial Executive Committee, is valid. At these levels of course, such
crucial problems as the quality of children's toys are not decided; but the
principle remains that no separate and independent decisions can be taken. In
shape and form, Soviet power is everywhere duplicated, from the planning of
rocket launchings into space to the organisation for the burial of Soviet
citizens, from the management of diplomatic missions abroad to lunatic asylums,
from the construction of sewers to atomic ice-breakers.
In addition to the governing organs which give orders and see that they
are carried out, there also exist Central Control Organs which are independent
of the local authority. The basic one of these is of course the KGB, but
independently of the KGB other powerful organs are also active: the
innocent-sounding People's Control for example, a secret police organisation
subordinated to a Politburo member who exercises almost as much influence as
the Chief of the KGB. In addition to the People's Control, the Ministry of the
Interior is also active and this is subordinated neither to the KGB nor to
Control. There is also the Central Organ of the press, a visit of which to a
factory or workshop causes hardly less anger than a visit of the OBHSS, the
socialist fraud squad. On the initiative of Lenin, it was seen as essential
that each powerful organ or organisation which is capable of taking independent
decisions be counter-balanced by the existence of another no less powerful
bureaucratic organisation. The thinking goes: we have a newspaper Pravda, let's
have another on a similar scale — Izvestia. Tass created, as a
counter-balance to it,
The creation of a system of parallel institutions began with the
creation of the Tcheka, an organisation called into existence to
counter-balance the already growing powers of the People's Commissariat for
Internal Affairs. During the course of the whole of the civil war these two
bloody organisations existed independently, and as rivals, of each other. Their
influence grew to immense proportions, and Lenin suggested the creation of yet
another independent organ to carry out the task of control and retribution, the
Rabkrin. This organ, known today as the People's Control, is still waiting for
somebody to research into its history. The Rabkrin was Lenin's love-child,
remembered by him even on his deathbed. The Rabkrin or, more formally, the
Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate was not created as an organ of repression
for the whole population, but as an organisation for the control of the ruling
Bolshevik elite and, above all, the Tcheka and the People's Commissariat for
Internal Affairs.
In the meantime the tentacles of the Tcheka had spread out over the
frontiers and the Bolkshevik leaders were forced to create yet another parallel
organisation to the Tcheka, capable of counterbalancing its external
activities. Neither the People's Commissariat nor the Rabkrin was able to
fulfill this role. On the personal order of the indefatigable Lenin on 21
October 1918, an external intelligence service, completely independent of the
Tcheka, was created under the meaningless title of the Registered Directorate
of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. At the present time it is called the
Chief Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Soviet Army, and
also known by its military classification as 'unit 44388'. In history there is
a number of examples of similar organisations within repressive regimes. The
most obvious of these is of course Hitler's Germany. The SS and the SA and, on
the front, the Wehrmacht Divisions and the Divisions of the SS, all existed
under the same duplication principle, as did the two Intelligence Services, the
Gestapo and the Abwehr.
This multiplication of institutions can only be explained by the desire
of the ruling class to guarantee the stability of its regime. It is important
to clarify this, so that one can understand the role of Soviet military
intelligence in Soviet society and in the international arena, and, in
addition, the reason why this organisation has remained throughout Soviet
history largely independent from the KGB, in spite of the many ordeals it has
been subjected to.
PART
Chapter
One
The
Triumvirate
The Party, the KGB and the Army form the triumvirate which rules the
Soviet Union. All other institutions and organisations, including those which
appear officially to wield State power, occupy a subordinate position. But no
single one of the three holds absolute power. They are all interdependent and
have to share power with their rivals. There is a constant underlying struggle
between these three forces, with attacks and retreats, bloody skirmishes,
victories, defeats, armistices, secret alliances and permanent treachery.
The Party cannot exist without a continuous repression of the people, in
other words without the KGB. The KGB in turn cannot exist without a continuous
fanning of the flames of communist fanaticism and the deception of the people,
in other words without the Party. Each of the two considers its own function to
be the important one and the function of its rival merely supplementary. Thus the
Party and the KGB are striving for undivided rule, but with this in mind each
understands that it is not possible to kill off its rival. Too much depends on
the continued existence of that rival. Both the Party and the KGB need the
Army, which plays the part of a performing crocodile, ensuring a quiet life for
the other two. In the triumvirate system the Army is the most powerful element
but it is also the most deprived as regards its rights. Unlike the Party and
the KGB, the Army has never played the leading role in the trio. Should this
ever happen, the Party and the KGB would be swiftly destroyed. The fact is that
this crocodile does not need either the Party or the KGB. Its natural state is
a free life in a swamp, enjoying the ability to gobble up whatever it wishes.
Both the Party and the KGB are Perfectly well aware that they, in the role of
trainers of the performing crocodile, would be its first victims should the
crocodile ever be set at liberty. So why has the crocodile never gobbled up its
trainers?
The Party and the KGB hold the crocodile firmly in check by means of two
strong leashes. The Party leash is called the Political Department, that of the
KGB the Special Department. Every organ of the Army is penetrated by the
Political Department of the Party and the Special Department of the KGB. On
those occasions when the Army has attacked the Party, which has happened
several times, beginning with the military opposition of the twenties, the
Tchekists of the KGB have come into action and quickly gained control over
dissident elements in the Army. When the Army has attacked the KGB, as happened
after the death of Stalin, the Party has gone into action against it. And at
times when the KGB has been plotting against the Party, the Party has invariably
allowed the crocodile to take a bite at the Tchekists, but not a bite to the
death. After such incidents the situation has returned to normal -the
crocodile's trainers have manipulated their leashes in such a way and from
different sides that it is impossible for any quarrel to have a conclusion.
They have even been able to give the crocodile a few kicks and, if necessary,
to direct it to another side, as it is said 'against any aggressor'. Its
dependent situation notwithstanding, the Army is sufficiently strong sometimes
to pull its two trainers after it. Thus it is not possible for the Army to be
left out of the triumvirate. None of the remaining inhabitants of the Soviet
Union has any independent part to play in the concert. They fulfil an auxiliary
role. They supply food to the trainers and the crocodile, put on their make-up
for the show, announce the different acts and collect money from the terrified
spectators.
The general staff of the Soviet Army is the brain of the crocodile, and
military intelligence is its eyes and ears. The GRU is a part of the general
staff, in other words a part of the brain. In fact it is that part which
analyses what the eyes see and the ears hear, the part which concentrates the
unblinking eyes of the crocodile onto the most interesting targets and trains
its ears to hear with precision every rustle of the night. Although the
crocodile is firmly tied to the Party and the KGB, the general staff and the
integral GRU are practically independent of external control. Why this should
be is explained by the Party's experience. In the period before the war, the
Party supervised the general staff so carefully, and the Tchekists insisted
strongly on the observance of every minute directive of the Party, that the
general staff completely lost the ability to think independently. As a result
the crocodile, despite its enormous size, completely lost its presence of mind,
its speed of reaction and any capability to think and take independent
decisions All this brought the system to the edge of catastrophe, as the Army
became practically incapable of fighting. The Party learnt from this sad
experience and realised that it must not interfere in the working of the
crocodile's brain, even if this brain had ceased to think along Party lines.
The Party and the KGB preferred, for purely practical reasons, to keep only the
body of the crocodile under control and not to interfere with the work of its
brain, of its sharp ears and piercing eyes.
Chapter
Two
History
Soviet military intelligence [The Russian version of the English
'intelligence' — razvedka — has wider significance and includes
everything we understand by the terms 'intelligence', 'reconnaissance',
'surveillance' and all activity governing collection and processing of
information about actual or potential enemies.] and its superior organ, the
GRU, are an integral part of the Army. The history of Soviet intelligence can
therefore only be surveyed in the light of the history of the development of
the Army and consequently in the light of the continuous struggle between the
Army, the Party and the KGB. From the moment of the creation of the first
detachment of the Red Army, small intelligence groups were formed within these
detachments quietly and often without any order from above. As the regular army
developed into newly-formed regiments, brigades, divisions, army corps and
armies, so these intelligence organs developed with it. From the outset,
intelligence units at all levels were subordinated to the corresponding staffs.
At the same time the superior echelons of intelligence exercised control and
direction of the lower echelons. The chief of intelligence of an army corps,
for example, had his own personal intelligence unit and in addition directed
the chiefs of intelligence of the divisions which formed a part of his army
corps. Each divisional intelligence chief, in his turn, had his own
intelligence unit at the same time as directing the activities of the
intelligence chiefs of the brigades which formed his division. And so on down
the scale. On 13 June 1918 a front was formed, for the first time in the
composition of the Red Army. This front received the name of the Eastern Front,
and in it there were five armies and the Volga military flotilla. On the same
day there was created a 'registrational' (intelligence) department in the
Eastern Front. The department had the intelligence chiefs of all five armies
and the flotilla reporting to it. These intelligence chiefs of the front
possessed a number of aircraft for aerial reconnaissance, some cavalry
squadrons and, most important, an agent network. The agent network for the
Eastern Front was first formed on the basis of underground organisations of
Bolsheviks and other parties which supported them. Subsequently the network
grew and, during the advances of the Eastern Front in the Urals and in Siberia,
agent groups and organisations intervened in the rear of the enemy before the
main forces attacked. Subsequent to the formation of the Eastern Front, new
fronts were added to the Red Army: the Southern, Ukrainian, Northern, Turkistan
and, later, Caucasian, Western, South- Eastern, North-Eastern and others. The
intelligence set-up for each front was organised in the same way as that for
the Eastern Front. There were also some independent and separate armies which
did not form part of the fronts, and these, as a rule, had their own
independent networks.
In the spring of 1918, besides the agent, aerial and other types of
intelligence services, the diversionary intelligence service came into being.
These diversionary detachments reported to the intelligence chiefs of fronts,
armies, corps and sometimes divisions, and were called the 'cavalry of special
assignments'. Formed from the best cavalrymen in the Army, they dressed in the
uniform of the enemy and were used to carry out deep raids in the enemy's rear,
to take prisoners — especially staff officers — to collect
information on enemy positions and activities and to undermine and sometimes
physically destroy the enemy's command structure. The number of these
diversionary units and their numerical strength constantly increased. In 1920,
on the Polish Front, on the staff of the Soviet forces, there was a separate
cavalry brigade for 'special assignments' with a strength of more than two
thousand cavalrymen, and this was on top of several regiments and separate
squadrons. All these units were dressed in Polish uniform. Much later these
diversionary units received the name Spetsnaz, now given to all special forces
of the GRU.
>From its inception, military intelligence suffered the greatest
Possible antagonism from the Tchekists. The Tcheka had its own central agent
network and an agent network in local areas. The Tchekists jealously guarded
their right to have secret agents and could not resign themselves to the idea
that anyone else was operating similar secret networks. The Tcheka also had
units of 'special assignments' which carried out raids, not in the enemy's
rear, but in its own rear, destroying those who were dissatisfied with the
communist order.
During the civil war the Tcheka strove to unite all special assignment
units under its own control. Several cases are recorded of the Tchekists trying
to take over organs of military intelligence. One such attempt occurred on 10
July 1918 when the Tcheka shot the whole staff of the Eastern Front
intelligence department, which had been in existence for only twenty- seven
days, together with the entire staff of the front and the commander himself, M.
A. Muravev, who had been trying to intervene in favour of his intelligence
department. The whole of the agent system of military intelligence passed into
the control of the Tchekists, but this brought the front to the very edge of
catastrophe. The new commander, I. I. Vatsetis, and his chief of staff had no
intelligence service of their own, and were unable to ask for the necessary
information. They could only request information in a very tactful way, being
well aware of the Tcheka's attitude to those it disliked. (As regards Vatsetis
the Tchekists did indeed shoot him, but much later.)
Naturally while the agent network was under the control of the Tcheka,
its own work was given priority, and any tasks set it by the Army Command were
given very low priority. This of course brought the forces very near to
complete defeat. If the army intelligence service is separated from the army
staff, then the brain becomes nothing more than the brain of a blind and deaf
man. Even if the blind man receives essential information from one source or
another, his reaction will still be slow and his movements imprecise. The
leader of the Red Army, Trotsky, placed an ultimatum before Lenin: either give
me an independent military intelligence service or let Dzerzhinsky lead the
Army with his Tchekists.
Lenin knew what the Tcheka was capable of but he also knew that its
capabilities were extremely one-sided. He therefore ordered Dzerzhinsky not to
interfere in matters of military intelligence. In spite of this, the Tcheka's
attempts to swallow up military intelligence went on, and these efforts still
continue on a reduced scale up to the present day.
Towards the end of 1918 the organisation of military intelligence from
regimental staff level up to the level of front staff had been virtually
completed. There remained only one staff which as deprived of its own
intelligence service of the Republic, the staff of the Red Army (at that time
called the Field Staff, later the General Staff). For this reason the general
staff remained blind and deaf, obtaining information indispensable to its work
at secondor third-hand. In addition to this, the absence of a superior
intelligence organ meant a complete lack of co-ordination of the front
intelligence services. Military intelligence had acquired a pyramid structure,
but the top of the pyramid was missing. The Chief of the Army and in charge of
all military production, Leon Trotsky several times approached Lenin with the
demand that he should create such a superior military intelligence organ.
Understanding the necessity for the creation of such an organ, but realising
that this would inevitably mean a strengthening of the position of Trotsky,
Lenin prevaricated and repeatedly refused Trotsky's suggestion. At the
beginning of autumn, the position of the communists worsened sharply.
Production, fuel and political crises became more acute. Armed uprisings were
taking place against the communists. There was an attempt on the life of Lenin
himself. In order to save the regime the communists decided on a desperate
measure. In each town and village they would take hostages and, in the case of
the slightest manifestation of discontent among the inhabitants, these hostages
would be shot. The Soviet state was saved, by mass executions. Then another
problem arose. The Tcheka, released from its restraints and drunk with blood,
got out of control. In Tver and Torzhok the Tchekists, together with the
hostages, destroyed communist leaders who displeased them. One threat to the
stability of the state had been replaced by another, far worse. Lenin, not yet
completely recovered, immediately resumed day-to-day leadership. Without
restricting the terror, he took a number of steps to control it. The most
important of his decisions were, firstly, to give to the People's Commissariats
(i.e. the ministries), the provincial and town committees the right to take
part in court cases against arrested communists. A communist would be declared
not guilty if two members of the Party Committee testified in his favour.
Secondly, Lenin directed his attention to the annulment of the Tcheka's
monopoly of secret activity. He finally accepted Trotsky's proposal and on 21
October 1918 signed a decree, creating a superior organ of Soviet military
intelligence which was to be called the Registrational Directorate of the Field
Staff of the Republic.
The newly created directorate did not increase or decrease the
importance of the front and army intelligence services, it merely co- ordinated
them. But at this time the directorate began the creation of a new network of
agents which could be active in countries all over the world, including those
where the front networks already had active agents. The organisation created in
1918 has, in principle, survived to the present day. Certainly the founding
rules are fully applicable to our own time. These are, firstly, that each
military staff must have its own independent intelligence set-up. Secondly, the
intelligence set-up of subordinate staffs is to be fully under the command of
the intelligence of superior formations. Thirdly, the agent network must be
part of the composition of the general staff intelligence network and part of
the composition of the front and fleet intelligence services. (In peace-time
this means military districts and groups of forces.) Fourthly, diversionary
intelligence is subsidiary to agent intelligence. It must be found on front or
fleet level, military districts and groups of forces and also at the level of
armies and flotillas. And, fifthly and most importantly, military intelligence
must be quite separate from the organs of enforcement and their intelligence
services. Since 1918, each one of these rules has been broken at least once, if
not more often, but invariably the mistake has been summarily corrected.
The creation of the GRU [The GRU, like the KGB, has been through several
name changes in its history; at this time it was called 'Registraupr', later
'Razvedupr'. For our present purposes the name GRU will be used consistently.]
was not only an act of self-preservation on Lenin's part from the ravages of
the Tcheka, but also a concession to Trotsky. Having entrusted this weapon to
Trotsky and the Army, Lenin was careful to equip it with a safety device by the
name of Simon Ivanovich Aralov, who came from the V. Tcheka. On becoming chief
of the registrational directorate, Aralov formally remained a member of the
collegium of the Tcheka. This step was taken in the interests of subterfuge,
and even up to the present day has confused many researchers. Remaining
formally within the Tcheka, Aralov, from the first day of his work in military
intelligence, had to become a rival and consequently enemy of the Tchekists.
This had entered into Lenin's calculations; he had not been slow to see that it
would be impossible for Aralov to avoid daily skirmishes with the Tchekists on
the most mundane questions, and that this would inevitably lead to a
confrontation which would preclude any possibility of Aralov being exploited as
a trusted Tchekist. But this was not all. In the case of any agreement with the
Army, not one of the Army's chiefs would dare to trust Aralov. The GRU would be
a part of the Army but the Army would not be able to make use of the GRU in the
struggle against the Party and the Tcheka.
Lenin's calculations proved themselves sound remarkably quickly. In the
spring of 1919 the reinforced army under Trotsky's leadership openly came out
against the Party's meddling in the affairs of the Army. A united group of Army
delegates, the so-called 'Military Opposition', at the eighth congress of the
Party in March 1919, demanded de facto independence of the Army from Party
influences. At that time it was still permitted to express personal opinions at
party conferences, and more than 100 delegates out of 269 declared themselves
in favour of the military programme. There were widespread abstentions and the
Party and the Tcheka found themselves in a minority at their own conference.
Only a few votes were necessary to secure the complete and legal victory
of the Army, but at this point the delegates from the military intelligence
service, knowing the heavy hand of Aralov, maintained an icy silence and strict
neutrality. Then at the most dramatic moment of the session Aralov spoke
critically of the military opposition, after which the delegates of the
military intelligence service with one voice supported the Party. The number of
supporters of the military opposition shrank to ninety-five, a clear defeat.
The session closed with a victory for the Party. The military opposition
crumbled and many of its members never again took any action against the Party.
The Army had learnt a lesson. In the struggle against the Party, never count on
the support of the military intelligence service. Emboldened by victory, the
Tcheka renewed its penetration of the Army. Many unrepentant members of the
military opposition were arrested and shot. The humiliation of the Army
inevitably affected military intelligence too, and on 13 May 1919 the Tchekists
executed members of the staff of military intelligence in the 7th Army who had
displeased them. Military intelligence naturally objected sharply to the
Tcheka's taking the law into its own hands, and from that time on it was its
sworn enemy. Lenin was delighted. Military intelligence henceforth was an
inseparable part of the Army, but its chief was the personal enemy of both the
Army and the Tcheka. Another unwritten rule was established in the organisation
of the GRU, too, which was that the chief of the GRU must be appointed only
from among the senior officials of the Tcheka secret police (historically known
as the V. Tcheka, GPU, OGPU, NKVD, NKGB, MGB, MVD and KGB and unofficially as
'the Organs'). This rule has also been broken several times, but the Party has
always been able to correct its mistake in time.
The agent network of the GRU was reinforced at almost lightning speed.
There are several reasons for this. Firstly, inside Russia after the
Revolution, in her central provinces alone, there were more than four million
foreigners: Germans, Austrians, Hungarians, Poles, Slovaks, Czechs, Koreans,
Bulgars, Serbs, Croats and others. Most of them were former prisoners of war.
More than three hundred thousand of them voluntarily enlisted in the Red Army.
There was no need to recruit such people. The overwhelming majority of them
were convinced, fanatical communists. Military intelligence simply sent them
off to their own countries as GRU agents. Secondly, after the Revolution Moscow
became the Mecca of communism, and after the foundation of the Comintern,
communists from all countries flocked to Moscow. The Comintern openly declared
as its aim the destruction of capitalism, and in this manifesto it was helped
from all sides, the Tcheka and the GRU in particular developing their espionage
activities. On the orders of the Comintern [The Communist International,
grouping together the communist parties of the world and declaring itself as
'the headquarters of the worldwide communist revolution'.], thousands of
communists spread into foreign states worldwide under the control of the Soviet
intelligence organisations. Some of these, like the German communists Richard
Sorge and Karl Ramm, the Finnish communist Otto Kusinien, the Hungarian Sandor
Rado, are now well known to history, but thousands more remained unknown,
activists labouring strenuously to fulfil the will of Soviet intelligence.
Thirdly, after the Revolution millions of emigres appeared from Russia, all
over the world. Any Soviet intelligence officer who had undergone the most
elementary linguistic training could move about freely from country to country
without attracting the slightest suspicion.
External circumstances favoured communism too. After the First World War
the world veered sharply towards communist doctrines. Communist parties were
strong and united. In Germany and Hungary there were communist revolutions. The
heat of the conflagration was felt in Spain, France and China. Soviet
intelligence skilfully exploited the situation which was unfolding. The First
World War also left behind a legacy of despair — the world had given way
and there were many people who had lost their hopes and ideals. Embittered and
depressed, their recruitment presented no difficulty whatsoever. In one of the
early GRU instruction manuals there is the following advice: 'If you need a
facilities agent (a radio operator, owner of a safe house or transmission
point) find a tall handsome man who has lost a leg or an arm in the war.'
One last, but by no means negligible factor, is that Russia has always
possessed too much gold. After the Revolution, mountains of gold from millions
of people killed in the torture chambers of Soviet power were added to the
State Treasury. In addition to this, communists plundered churches all over
Russia which from ancient times had been famous for their wealth. Great profit
was harvested from the domes of the richest cathedrals, for these were roofed
with solid gold. In looting the churches, the communists said, 'For the needs
of the world revolution.' What they meant was, 'For the needs of espionage.'
***
There were many elementary errors and failures in the work of these
early field officers who had no experience whatsoever. For example, the
counter-intelligence officers of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, which at the
time were independent states, simply told any suspicious person who claimed to
be a fugitive Russian officer, or engineer or doctor, to tie a necktie. In
1920, by this method alone, more than forty GRU agents were unmasked in these
three small countries. The GRU was unperturbed by these failures, however, its
philosophy being that if it could not have quality it would go for quantity. It
was an astute calculation. If one agent in a hundred sent abroad showed himself
to be talented, and his natural talent made up for his lack of education, then
that was enough. Nobody was worried about the agents who were discovered. Let
them get out of the mess if they could. The Soviet Union will never admit that
the people it sends out belong to Soviet intelligence.
This large-scale attack was highly successful. Out of the thousands of
intelligence agents sent abroad, some dozen began to give positive results. The
help of communists abroad also began to tell. Gradually quality began to creep
into the work of the GRU. One of the first outstanding successes was the
creation of the so-called 'Mrachkovski Enterprises' or, as it was officially
called in GRU documents, 'the network of commercial undertakings'. Jacob
Mrachkovski (his brother was a member of the Central Committee) was sent to
Germany where he organised a small shop and then a small factory. Subsequently
he bought, in fictitious names, several factories in France, Great Britain,
Canada, the United States and finally China. The money put into these
undertakings quickly grew and, after several years, the Mrachovski undertakings
began to show profits of tens of millions of pounds. The money earned was used
by the GRU as its chief source of 'clean' money, that is, money which had never
been on Soviet territory and consequently could be used for agents' operations.
In addition to obtaining money the Mrachkovski undertakings were widely used
for the legalisation of newly posted intelligence officers who by now were
beginning to be better trained. Journeying from country to country, they found
help and support from the Mrachkovski network. They got themselves jobs and
after some months received the most laudatory references and went off into
other countries where the same thing took place. This went on until the agent
was able to stand on his own two feet. The security of the network was so tight
that no undertaking ever suspected the existence of another. Mrachkovski
himself travelled all over the world, buying up new enterprises, installing one
or two of his own people and obtaining perfectly legal and highly lucrative
licences and patents.
Relations with the Tchekists were gradually stretched to their limit.
The Party was striving to inflame the hostility between the GRU and the Organs
of State. Lenin made a great success of this, as did his successors. The next
conflict broke out in the spring of 1920. Both Lenin and Trotsky considered themselves
outstanding thinkers, theoreticians and practical men; men of deep knowledge as
regards military affairs and international relations. Naturally neither one nor
the other took any notice of evaluated intelligence. They both demanded that
the intelligence material should be laid before them 'grey' and unevaluated:
they would then draw their own conclusions and analyse the material on the
basis of Marxist doctrine. But Marxism had very precisely and categorically
foretold that there would be a world war in Europe which would be the last war
of mankind. The imperialist war would develop into a worldwide revolution,
after which a golden age would begin. Yet the war had finished two years before
and no worldwide revolution had happened. Intelligence reported that there were
no signs of this revolution coming about, so both Lenin and Trotsky were either
compelled to admit that Marxism was wrong or to take measures to bring the
revolution about. They decided to trigger off a revolution in Europe, starting with
Poland. Intelligence assessments were ignored, and naturally the adventure
ended in complete failure. Both the organisers immediately started to hunt for
a scapegoat. The only possible explanation for the scandal was that the
intelligence service had done its work badly. Lenin announced to the rank and
file of the Party, 'We have suffered this defeat as a result of the negligence
of the intelligence service.' But the GRU was a completely unknown entity, even
to some of the highest representatives of the Soviet bureaucracy, and much more
so to the rank-and-file Party members. All eyes turned towards the Tchekists.
Their unpopularity among the people, even before this, was evident. After
Lenin's announcement their authority finally fell. Dzerzhinsky caused a scandal
in the Kremlin and demanded explanations from the Politburo. In order to calm
the Tchekists and to support his own version of the story, Lenin permitted the
Tchekists to purge the GRU. The first bloody purge took place in November 1920.
On Lenin's orders hundreds of intelligence officers who had allegedly failed to
evaluate the situation correctly were shot.
Up to this time there had been no need to account for the GRU's
activities, but now information was made available to some Party members. This
has led some specialists to the mistaken conclusion that the GRU did not exist
until this time.
However, the GRU did not take long to recover from the 1920 Purge. This
may be explained mainly by the fact that the overseas organs of the GRU were
practically untouched, and this for eminently sound reasons. Neither Lenin nor
Trotsky had any idea of shooting the intelligence officers who were overseas,
not only because they were manifestly innocent, but also because their deaths
would have absolutely no salutary effect on others since nobody would hear
about them, not even the many members of the Central Committee. The other
reason for the quick recovery of the GRU was that its agent intelligence
network in the military districts was also left untouched. At the end of the
civil war, the fronts were tranformed into 'military districts', but the chain
of command in the new districts did not undergo any essential changes. A
'registration' department was included on the strength of the staff of each
district which continued in peace-time to carry on agent intelligence work in
countries where the district would have to carry out military activities in any
future war. Up to the time of the 1920 purge there were fifteen military
districts and two fleets in the Red Army. They all carried out, independently
from each other, agent intelligence work of a very intensive nature.
The internal military districts were no exception. Their intelligence
centres were moved out to the frontiers and it was from there that the direction
of agents was undertaken. Each internal military district also has its tasks in
wartime, and its intelligence work is based around these tasks. The direction
of activities of a frontier district is very precisely defined; at the same
time the internal district, independent of circumstances, may operate in
different directions. Consequently its agent network in peacetime operates in
different directions, too. For example, in 1920 agents of the Moscow military
district operated on the territories of Poland, Lithuania (at that time still
independent) and Finland. This system has prevailed in all respects, except
that the districts and fleets have become more numerous, as also has money
available for intelligence. We are richer now than we were then.
***
After 1927 Soviet military intelligence began to blossom. This was the
year in which the first five-year plan was drawn up, which aimed (as all
subsequent five-year plans have) exclusively at the growth of the military
potential of the country. The plan stipulated the creation and speedy growth of
the tank, ship-building, aviation and artillery industries. The Soviet Union
set itself the target of creating the most powerful army in the world. The
Soviet leadership made haste and demanded from its designers not only the
creation of new kinds of weaponry and military technology, but also that Soviet
armaments must be the best in the world. Monumental sums of money were spent to
attain this aim: prac-tically the whole of Russia's gold reserves was thrown
into the task. At Western auctions the Soviet authorities sold off Russian corn
and wood, pictures by Rembrandt and Nicholas II's stamp collection. A tidy sum
of money was realised.
All GRU residents received book-length lists of foreign military
technology which they would have to steal in the near future. The lists
included equipment for bombers and fighters, anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns,
howitzers and mortars, submarines and torpedo boats, radio valves and tank
engines, the technology for the production of aluminium and equipment for
boring out gun barrels. Yet another GRU tradition first saw the light of day in
this period: that of stealing analogous kinds of armaments at the same time in
different countries and then studying them to select the best. Thus, at the
beginning of the 1930s, Soviet military intelligence succeeded in stealing
samples or plans of torpedoes in Italy, France, the United States, Germany and
Great Britain. It was hardly surprising that the Soviet torpedo, manufactured
in the shortest possible time, conformed to the highest international
standards. Sometimes Soviet copiers selected the best assemblies and components
and constructed out of them a new type which often turned out to be the very
best in the world. Luck too was on the side of Soviet military intelligence.
Nobody took very seriously the efforts of the Soviet Union in the military
sphere, and few countries went to great pains to hide their secrets from it.
Communists the world over were obsessed by the idea of helping Soviet intelligence,
Soviet residents were able to throw their money round, and finally the great
depression threw into the arms or Soviet intelligence thousands of opportunists
who feared losing their factories, workshops or offices. Soviet intelligence,
by the beginning of the 1930s, had attained unprecedented heights of power.
Within Soviet territory the GRU had practically no political influence. In the
international sphere it did not very much seek to enter into the political life
of parties and states, but in the field of clean espionage the GRU already
clearly occupied the leading position in the world, having by far overtaken the
political intelligence work of the OGPU. At the beginning of the 1930s the GRU
budget was several times larger than the overseas budget of the OGPU. This
situation remains true today.
The system in use today of recruitment and running of agents had already
fully developed by the end of the 1920s. In agent organisations directly
subordinated to the GRU the recruitment and running of agents was in the hands
of 'illegals', that is, GRU officers posted abroad undercover with forged
documents and offices, posing as Soviet diplomats, consuls, trade
representatives, correspondents and so on. In agent organisations subordinated
to military districts and fleets the recruitments of agents was carried out
from the territory of the Soviet Union. Only rarely did certain officers of the
intelligence directorates of districts travel abroad with forged documents for
short periods. Before diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union, emphasis was
concentrated on the activities of illegals, but after its recognition,
undercover residencies were added to the numerous illegal residencies. The GRU
illegals and undercover residencies acted independently from each other but in
the pre-war period the communications of illegals from GRU residencies with the
Centre were frequently accomplished through the Soviet embassies. This was a
very serious mistake. With the beginning of the war when the embassies were
closed or blockaded, the communication with illegals was disrupted. The mistake
was subsequently rectified. Military district intelligence always operated
independently of the GRU illegals and Soviet embassies, and for this reason at
the beginning of the war it was practically unharmed. Gradually a tendency
became noticeable in the operations of military district intelligence services
to limit the use of Soviet officers even for short trips abroad. Faced with
wartime conditions the military district intelligence services began to recruit
and run their agents only from Soviet territory. The recruitment of new agents
was carried out either on Soviet territory or on the territory of neighbouring
countries by means of agents who had been recruited earlier.
There is an interesting story to be told about the recruitment of agents
at this time, whose moral holds as true today. In the pre-war period,
recruitment took up little time. The Comintern simply made a decision and
immediately scores, sometimes hundreds of communists became Soviet secret
agents. In the interests of successful agent work, the GRU always demanded from
them that they should publicly resign from the communist party. The vast
majority accepted this without demur. After all, it was only a camouflage, a Bolshevik
manoeuvre to help defeat the lass enemy. Sometimes however, there were
communists who were unwilling. In Germany, one group agreed to the GRU's
demands only on condition that it was accepted into the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union. The demand was a simple one, for it is not difficult for the GRU
to write out a dozen new party cards, and as the new agent group was working so
successfully, the GRU did not want to refuse. At a routine meeting the GRU case
officer, an employee of the Soviet embassy in Berlin, informed the group's
leader that their demands had been met. He congratulated the group on becoming
members of the CPSU and informed them, in conclusion, that the General
Secretary of the Party himself, comrade Stalin, had written out the party cards.
As an exceptional case, the German communists had been accepted without going
through the candidacy stage. Their party cards were naturally to be kept in the
Central Committee.
At this news the group's productivity redoubled. It was supposed to
receive a certain sum of money for its work, but the group members refused to
accept the money. More than that, they began to hand over to their case
officers sums of their own money, in order to pay their membership fees to the
Soviet communist party. Punctually they handed over to their case officers all
documents and payslips concerning their earnings together with their party
subscriptions. This took up a great deal of time during the agent meetings, but
the Germans were working very productively and nobody wanted to offend them.
Some time later, the Gestapo got on their trail, but all the members of
the group managed to escape into Austria, then to Switzerland and finally
through France to Spain where the civil war was going on. From Spain they were
brought to Moscow, Terrible disappointments awaited them in the capital of the
Proletariat of all the world, the chief of which was that nobody into at any
time written out their party cards, or accepted them into the Soviet communist
party. The GRU officials had of course assumed that the agents would never set
foot in the Soviet Union on that therefore it would be very easy to dupe them.
However, on their arrival in Moscow, the first thing the agents did was to
declare a hunger strike and demand a meeting with the higher leadership of the
GRU. The meeting took place and the GRU leadership did all in its power to help
the Germans join the party, after going through the candidate stage, naturally.
But foreigners can only be accepted in the CPSU through the Central Committee,
and the natural questions arose: 'Were you ever members of the communist party?
Why did you leave it?' The fanatics told exactly what had really happened but
were damned out of their own mouths. To burn one's party card is a cardinal
sin — and the Central Committee threw out their application. The Germans
again declared a hunger strike and demanded a meeting with Stalin in person. At
this point the NKVD offered its help to the Central Committee, but the GRU
intervened, being in no way desirous that its agents should fall into the hands
of the NKVD. So the ex-agents ended up in the GRU cellars.
In the meantime, the political situation had changed sharply. Hitler had
become Stalin's best friend and the communists likewise friends of the
fascists. There ensued an exchange of gifts — the most up-to-date German
military aeroplanes for Stalin (including the top secret ME109, JU87, JU88,
DO217, HElll and even the ME110) in exchange for the surrender of all German
communists who had taken political asylum in the Soviet Union. Hitler's
calculation was very simple. In the short time before war broke out, the
Russians would not be able to copy the planes, but he would have the heads of
his political opponents. It was a fruitful deal for Stalin too. He was bored
with the German communists and now he would be able to give them to the Gestapo
in exchange for the best German aeroplanes. In addition to the ordinary
members, there were members of the German Central Committee and the Politburo,
together with the editors of the communist newspaper. These were not taken to
Germany, but the Gestapo was told it could shoot them in situ, in the Moscow
area. However, as far as the former GRU agents were concerned, the decision had
been taken not to hand them over. They knew too much. The German embassy in
Moscow was informed that they had all died in Spain and had never got as far as
Moscow. The fascists did not object but suggested they would present one more
aircraft at the same price. Unfortunately, the former agents, not knowing
anything about the bargaining that was going on, again declared a hunger
strike, and this decided their fate. The Soviet side now admitted to the
fascists that they were in Moscow and proposed a compromise. The fascists could
shoot their victims in the Soviet Union without talking to them. The execution
took place among the huge coal bunkers of the Kashierski Electric Power
Station. Beforehand, the Gestapo men had personally identified each of the
people to be executed and photographed them; then, under cover of protracted
whistling of locomotives, they shot them all. Afterwards, joint detachments of
the GRU, the Central Committee of the Soviet communist party and the Gestapo
burnt the bodies in the furnaces of the power station.
The Germans' mistake was threefold: they believed too quickly in the
promises of the GRU; they insisted too strongly on the GRU's fulfilling its
promises; and they forgot that if somebody puts a high enough price on the head
of an agent, however good he may be, the GRU will sell him without hesitation.
***
In the meantime the Party, under the leadership of Stalin, arrived face
to face with the ultimate necessity of subjugating all layers of Soviet society
and utterly eradicating dissension. The decision was taken by the Party to
purge the whole country of potential dissidents. Today we have irrefutable
proof that the 'Great Terror' was carefully planned and prepared. On the
testimony of A. Avtorhanov the Central Committee of the Party had, as long ago
as 13 May 1935, taken the decision to create a special security commission for
carrying out mass repressions in the country, which took place in 1937 to 1938.
For almost two years the Special Commission prepared the most bloody
page in the history of mankind. Its members were Stalin, Zhdanov, Yezhov,
Shkiriatov, Malenkov and Voyshinski. It is interesting to note that the then
head of NKVD, Yagoda, was not a member of the Commission, and this was a
sensible move. Before carrying out its massive blood- letting of the whole of
society, the Party took pains to purge the surgical instrument itself, the NKVD
organs. The purge began secretly as early as 1935 and at that stage concerned
only the organs and the overseas residencies of the NKVD. In order not to
frighten anybody, it was carried out secretly and without public trials.
Naturally it was the GRU which was entrusted with the task of purging the NKVD
overseas organs. In 1935 Yan Karlovich Berzin, the GRU's chief, travelled to
the Far East with special powers and a group of trusted helpers. Secret orders
appointing one I. S. Unshlikht and later S. T. Uritski as chief of the GRU were
issued. But no order was issued for Berzin to relinquish his post. In other
words, the appointment of Uritski was simply a cover-up for the long absence of
Berzin. In the Far East Berzin and his assistants secretly liquidated the
leading illegals of the NKVD. In the following year Berzin, with his
assistants, appeared in Spain. His official job was Chief Advisor to the
Spanish Government, a post in which he was extremely active. Firstly, he
endeavoured to direct the activities of the Spanish Government along lines
favourable to Moscow. Secondly, he personally ran from Spain the whole of the
overseas network of the GRU. And finally, he did not forget his most important
task. The head of the Foreign Directorate of the NKVD, Slutski, was also in
Spain, also personally supervising the activities of all his overseas agents.
In all probability Slutski was aware that Berzin and the GRU had some
connection with the mysterious disappearance of NKVD illegals. Evidence has
been preserved which shows that Slutski and Berzin had clashes practically
every day in Spain. However, at the same time, the intelligence chief of the
NKVD was finding himself increasingly subject to the chief of Soviet military
intelligence. At the end of September 1936 the NKVD chief, Yagoda, was
dismissed from his post and the secretary of the Central Committee of the
Party, Ezhov, was appointed in his place. Ezhov himself began a most cruel
purge of the NKVD — and he no longer required the assistance of the GRU.
More than 3,000 Tchekists were shot on Ezhov's orders, including Yagoda and
Slutski themselves. It is interesting to note that Yagoda's death followed an
open trial, but Slutski was murdered secretly, in the same way as his best
illegal residents had been executed previously. After the Party, in the person
of Ezhov and with the help of the GRU, had purged the NKVD, the time came for
the Army to be dealt with. This purge began with the liquidation of the general
staff — and the complete destruction of the GRU. Among those military
leaders first executed together with Marshal Tukhachevski were army commanders
Yakir and Uboreevich and Corps Commander Putna, the Soviet military attache in
London. As might be expected, all military attaches are GRU officers; but Putna
was not simply a military attache. Until his appointment to London he had been
deputy chief of the GRU. His execution served as an extra excuse for the NKVD
to carry out a special purge in the ranks of the GRU. Hatred which had been
collecting for many years at last came out into the open. In the course of the
purge first the acting head of the GRU, Uritski, was arrested and shot, and
after him all the rest. The NKVD and GRU now exchanged roles. NKVD men with
special powers went around the world destroying both GRU illegals and also
those intelligence officers of the GRU and NKVD who had refused to return to
the Soviet Union and certain destruction. In the course of the 1937 purge the GRU
was completely destroyed- even down to the lavatory attendants and cooks on its
payroll. Berzin, back from Spain, had to re-create the GRU from scratch.
***
By the autumn of 1937, by a special effort of the Comintern
-particularly in Spain with the help and coercion of the International
Brigades — the GRU had somewhat recovered its strength. A year later
Soviet military intelligence had returned to its stormy activities. But in the
summer of 1938, in the course of a second wave of terror, the GRU was again
destroyed, losing its entire strength. This time Berzin himself, one of the
cleverest and most successful leaders the GRU has had, was among the victims.
The blow delivered automatically meant a blow to all organisations
subordinate to the GRU, that is to the intelligence directorates of the
military districts. Here the death-dealing whirlwind came twice, literally
destroying everything. During the pre-war years, in the areas of western
military districts the intelligence directorates had extended the existing
reserves of underground armies in case of the occupation of these areas by an
enemy. Secret depots and stores of weapons and explosives had been established,
radio sets had been secreted and refuges for partisans and intelligence
officers had been set up. In the terror, all this was destroyed, and tens of
thousands of trained partisans and saboteurs, ready to meet the enemy, were
shot or perished in prisons and concentration camps. Military intelligence
ceased to exist. And not only military intelligence; the Army had been bled
white, and military industry, too. But Ezhov, the head of the NKVD, had made a
fatal mistake in taking Berzin's place when he was executed on 29 July 1938.
The very next day, Stalin received only one report on both GRU and NKVD
activities, instead of the usual two. The implication was clear: a monopoly of
secret activity had begun, and Stalin now had no way to balance the power of
the NKVD. With his customary precision and deliberation he realised that his
control of Soviet intelligence was slipping away and the same day, 30 July, he
set in train the events which would lead to Ezhov's removal and execution.
In the winter of 1939/40 there occurred an improbable scandal. The Red
Army, whose strength at the moment of the attack was more than four million
men, was unable to crush the resistance of the Finnish Army, whose strength was
only 27,000 men. Reasons for this were quickly found. Of course there was the
cold. (The German Army's right to claim the same reason for its defeat in the
winter of 1941 was unanimously denied.) The second reason was the intelligence
service. In all Soviet historical works (which may be published only with the
permission of the Propaganda Department of the Party Central Committee), even
to this day, the cold and poor intelligence are the reasons always given. The
Party forgets to specify that from 1937 to 1939 Soviet military intelligence
was practically non-existent, at the Party's own wish.
After the Finnish scandal, Stalin did not order a purge of the GRU. It
is probable that at that time there was nobody to purge, but he still ordered
the execution of General Proskurov, the new head of the GRU, and his staff
because of Proskurov's disagreement with him over the Hitler-Stalin pact. In
June 1940 General Filipp Golikov was appointed chief of the GRU. Under Golikov
the GRU was reborn amazingly quickly into an effective intelligence force.
There has been much speculation about this period. Did the GRU know of the
plans for Germany's attack on the Soviet Union or not? The best answer to the
question must lie in Golikov's own survival. Seven leaders before him and two
after him were murdered, yet he went on to become Stalin's Deputy of Personnel
and Marshal of the Soviet Union. The political leadership may not take the
right decision, even with the best information that Golikov could give, but it
will not bite the hand that feeds it.
The war had begun with a catastrophic defeat for the Soviet Union. In
the first few hours the German Army succeeded in securing a strategic
initiative. Thousands of serviceable aircraft were destroyed on their airfields
and thousands of tanks burned in their own parks.
It may have been that Stalin spared Golikov in order to give him a
testing assignment. He was certainly told to take himself abroad and revive and
renew the GRU agent network which had been cut off immediately. He went first
to England and then to the United States and, to give him his due, this time he
succeeded in carrying out his work in an exemplary manner. For his visits to
Great Britain and the United States he naturally did not use faked documents.
He came, with a numerous entourage, as the head of an official Soviet military
delegation to obtain American and British armaments. For the chief of the GRU
and his colleagues the doors of secret factories and laboratories were
opened — the very places Soviet intelligence had been trying for decades
to penetrate. This historical visit was the beginning of intense penetration by
Soviet military intelligence of the armaments industries of America and
Britain. Golikov also succeeded, albeit only temporarily, in establishing
communications with GRU illegals who were functioning on territory occupied by
Germany; but this also signalled the beginning of GRU penetration of the German
general staff from many different quarters. The consequences of this were that,
beginning with Stalingrad, even top secret plans of the German High Command
were known to Soviet front-line generals before they were known to the German
field commanders. And the Soviet military leadership was equally enlightened as
to the plans of its allies, the Americans and the British. Churchill bears
witness to the fact that Stalin enumerated several points as to the contents of
British top secret plans, though he attributes such enlightenment to Stalin's
genius in foreseeing the future. The only thing that is not clear is why Stalin
did not display a similar clairvoyancy with regard to Hitler's intentions in
1941 and the beginning of 1942.
In the autumn of 1941 Golikov returned from the United States, an
another exceptionally successful visit. He could not, of course, expect to keep
his post, but he stayed alive, and even kept his General's rank. On 13 October
he was relieved of the command of the GRU and appointed commander of the 10th
Army.
Later, in 1944, Stalin gave Golikov yet another chance to expiate his
guilt with regard to the sudden German attack. In October he was appointed
plenipotentiary of the Council of People's Commissars on Questions of the
Repatriation of Soviet Citizens. At the same time as he was occupied with this
task several of the former residents of the GRU in Europe were assigned to him.
He acquitted himself again with great credit and, being able to count on the
help of the GRU, succeeded in returning to the Soviet Union several million
people who were practically all shot on arrival. Golikov's career was on the up
and up, and he eventually reached the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union.
In the autumn of 1941, after Golikov had relinquished his post, the GRU
was divided into two. One of the newly-created organisations was directly
answerable to Stalin and entitled the Chief Intelligence Directorate of the
Supreme High Command. In the hands of this organisation was concentrated the
agent network controlled by illegals and undercover residencies of the GRU in a
small number of Soviet embassies. The 'other' GRU was subordinated to the
general staff and preserved its former name of Chief Intelligence Directorate
of the General Staff. But now this junior branch of the GRU co-ordinated the
efforts of intelligence officers on all Soviet fronts in action against
Germany. This new set-up was fully justified at that time. The GRU general
staff was freed from having to make decisions on global problems which at that
moment had lost their importance for the Soviet Union and instead was able to
concentrate all its attention on carrying out intelligence operations against
German forces. In order to distinguish between the two GRU's; the term
'strategic intelligence' was introduced for the first time and applied to the
GRU of the Supreme Command, and the new title of 'operational intelligence' was
given to the Intelligence Directorate of Fronts and the GRU of the general
staff which controlled these directorates. Both the strategic and operational
intelligence services of the Red Army conducted themselves with great
distinction in the course of the war. The finest achievements of the strategic
agent network were of course the penetration of the German general staff
through Switzerland (via the illegal residency 'Dora') and the theft of
American atomic secrets by way of Canada (through the residency 'Zaria').
Operational intelligence meanwhile developed activities unparalleled in scale.
Besides its agent intelligence, a very large role was allocated to diversionary
intelligence. Groups of guard-minelayers were formed in the intelligence units
of the fronts and armies whose basic purpose was to hunt down the German
military staff. Parallel with these diversionary elements of the GRU, analogous
groups of NKVD men were in action at the rear of German forces. Between these
two groups the traditional enmity fostered by the Party continued.
***
After the war, military intelligence was once again fused into one
organisation, GRU General Staff, which independently carried out strategic
intelligence and directed operational and tactical intelligence. At this time
the Party and Stalin took care to weaken the Army and the Ministry of State
Security, both of which had strengthened their positions during the war to such
an extent that they had stopped acknowledging the civil leadership, i.e. the
party. The leading commanders, headed by Zhukov, were dismissed from the Army
and Beria was also deprived of the leadership of the Tchekists. It would
obviously not be a simple matter to expel him, so Stalin technically promoted
him, appointing his deputy to succeed him, but in fact this deprived him of
direct leadership of the Organs of State because his title of minister was
taken away. Within the framework of the programme for weakening the Army and
the Ministry of State Security, Stalin decided to remove intelligence from both
the Army and State Security. This plan was put into effect in 1947. The GRU and
the organs of political intelligence of the Ministry of State Security were
joined together in one organisation called the KI: the Committee of
Information. The man closest to Stalin was appointed to lead this organisation,
and this was the activist of the Politburo, Molotov. Thus the Army and Ministry
of State Security were deprived of intelligence. All intelligence work would
henceforth be subordinate to the Party. Such a situation did not suit the Army
or the Ministry of State Security, and they for the first time united against
the Party.
>From its inception the Committee of Information was an utterly
ineffective organisation. The intelligence officers of the Ministry of State
Security and the GRU, who formed the nucleus of the Committee of Information,
strove by all means to return from under the control of the Party back to their
own former organisations. Both sets of officers strove to sabotage the
activities of the Committee of Information. The Ministry of State Security and
the Army, acting in collusion, informed the Central Committee that they could
no longer work effectively since they were receiving their information at
second hand. Then they exerted pressure on their former officers in order to
try to make the Committee of Information collapse from inside. The Central
Committee of the Party made efforts to improve the effectiveness of the
Committee of Information. In less than a year four chiefs were appointed and
dismissed, for the reason that not one of them was able to counter the unified
strength of the Ministry of State Security and the Army. After long struggles
behind the scenes Abakumov, a pupil and favourite of Beria, became Chief of the
Committee of Information.
At a stroke, all the intelligence services passed to the control of the
Ministry of State Security. Stalin immediately saw that a mistake had been
made. In his opinion, the creation of one intelligence service, even if it was
under the leadership of the Party, must sooner or later lead to the Tchekists
seizing power over this organisation, and this would mortally endanger the
Party. There was only one way out of such a situation: immediately to liquidate
the Committee of Information and divide the intelligence service into two
hostile camps — military intelligence to the Army, and political
intelligence to State Security. But the coup was not an easy one. To get round
the problem, the Party naturally found support from the Army which had not been
at all happy with State Security's monopoly of the intelligence service. On the
instructions of Stalin, the first deputy of the chief of the general staff,
General Shtemyenko, made a report to the Politburo on the subject of the 'blind
general staff, after which the GRU was removed from the control of Abakumov and
given to the Army. For his distinguished services, Stalin immediately appointed
General Shtemyenko as chief of the general staff—the senior curator of the GRU.
After two years Shtemyenko and the GRU, seeking to please Stalin, presented
documents about the existence of an agreement among subordinates of Abakumov. Abakumov
was immediately shot, the Committee of Information finally abolished, and the
usual purge carried out in the ranks of State Security.
But the Ministry of State Security did not forgive the general staff and
the GRU for having taken such liberties. 1952 was a year of struggle between
the Politburo and Stalin. The Ministry of State Security presented documents
which they claimed proved the existence of a plot in the ranks of the GRU. This
time it was the turn of the GRU and all the general staff to be purged. Stalin
was opposed to the move, but the Politburo insisted. Shtemyenko was demoted to
Lt-General and expelled from the general staff. The action continued against
the general staff and the GRU, and even against Stalin himself who was removed
as general secretary of the Communist Party later that year.
At the beginning of 1953, immediately after the death of Stalin, there
ensued a fierce squabble among his disciples and comrades at arms for the
distribution of the inheritance. The most dangerous pretender to the throne
was, of course, Beria. The united strength of Army and Party was automatically
against him. Beria was arrested at a joint session of Party and Army leaders
and immediately done away with. After this there began the usual persecution of
the Organs of State. During secret trials, incriminating documents were
produced from the GRU concerning the leaders of the Ministry of State Security
and many of its leaders were shot after frightful torture. The torture was
carried out in the GRU cellars on Gogol Boulevard. At the beginning of 1954 the
Ministry of State Security lost its status as a ministry and was transformed
into a committee.
Simultaneously with the fall of the Ministry of State Security, the Army
acquired more and more weight within the framework of the State. The 'Russian
Bonaparte', Marshal Zhukov, became Minister of Defence, having returned from
his exile under Stalin. After a short time Zhukov also became a member of the
Politburo. He quickly effected the return of all the exiled generals and
marshals and appointed them to key positions. The Ministry of State Security
could not exercise any restraint on Zhukov and he was therefore able to appoint
Shtemyenko to the post of Chief of the GRU, reinstating him as a full general
after his demotion. The GRU became an organisation solely dependent on the
Army. Zhukov's next step was a blow against Party influence in the Army. On his
orders all political workers and Party commissars were expelled from the Army.
He also ordered the Chief Political Directorate of the Soviet Army to stop
interfering any more in Army affairs, and at the same time liquidated all the
special departments of State Security present in the Army. The crocodile was
clearly throwing off its bonds. In Politburo sessions Zhukov openly
contradicted Khruschev and publicly abused him.
The party understood how rashly it had behaved in depriving the KGB of
power, since the Party alone was clearly defenceless against the Army. There
was absolutely no doubt that very soon the Army would become the only master of
the situation. But in October 1957 Zhukov committed a grave error. He went on a
visit to Yugoslavia and in his absence, a plenum of the Central Committee of
the Party was hurriedly convened. Zhukov was secretly removed from the
Politburo and also from his duties as Minister of Defence because of
'bonapartism'. The chief of the GRU, General Shtemyenko, learned about what had
happened and immediately sent a telegram of warning to Zhukov in Yugoslavia,
but it was intercepted by the KGB. Zhukov returned from Yugoslavia straight
into renewed exile. Shtemyenko followed him, again reduced to the rank of
lieutenant- general. (Some survive vicissitudes better than others: under
Brezhnev, Shtemyenko was again reinstated.)
***
Now once more the post of chief of the GRU was held by a member of the
KGB, Ivan Serov. Henceforth everything would go according to Lenin's teachings.
Serov, on his appointment, automatically turned into an arch- rival and enemy
of the KGB, and was not in the least interested in the fusion of these two
organisations. But since he had been a general of the KGB, the Army could not
exploit him against the Party and the KGB. That was not all. In order to
control the Army in the interests of the Party, General Golikov, the former
chief of the GRU, was appointed chief of the Political Directorate of the
Soviet Army. Golikov was a former Tchekist and political worker and he was
ready to serve anybody who desired his services and to report only the data
which would please the leadership. Such a person was eminently suitable as far
as the Party was concerned.
Serov's successor as chief of the GRU was Colonel-General of the KGB,
Petr Ivashutin. General Yepishev, who had been from 1951 to 1953 Deputy
Minister of State Security, succeeded Golikov as chief of the Political
Directorate of the Soviet Army. In a word, the crocodile was again firmly on
the leash.
Chapter
Three
The
Pyramid
If we approach the term GRU in a formal way in order to explain
everything that is covered by those three letters, we shall get a very
impressive picture but one that is far from complete. To look at the GRU in
isolation from its subordinate organisations is to look at Gengis Khan without
his innumerable hordes.
The GRU may formally be described as an immensely powerful intelligence
organisation forming part of the general staff and acting in the interests of
the higher military command of the Soviet Union. On its strength there are more
than five thousand senior officers and generals who have specialist academic
qualifications in intelligence matters. The GRU has its illegal representatives
in every country of the world. In addition, officers of the GRU operate under
cover in every country of the world as diplomats, military attaches, trade
representatives and so on. Both the illegals and the undercover officers
independently from each other carry out the recruitment of agents, who then,
under the direction of the GRU steal top-secret documents, axe governments and
kill statesmen. The central apparatus of the GRU processes espionage
information coming from a thousand secret agents and it also carries out
cosmic, electronic, air and sea intelligence on a global scale.
But we have not mentioned the most important point yet. Up to now we are
talking about Gengis Khan but not his hordes. What is more important is that,
in addition to all this, in addition to carrying out intelligence work in the
interests of the general staff, the GRU is also the superior directing organ of
the gigantic formation called Soviet military intelligence.
Organisationally, the Soviet Army consists of sixteen military
districts, four 'groups of forces' — in Germany, Poland, Hungary and
Czechoslovakia — and four fleets — the Northern, Pacific, Black Sea
and Baltic fleets. On the staff strengths of each district, group and fleet
there are intelligence directorates. In all, these directorates number
twenty-four. They are all subject to the GRU and are, in effect, a GRU in
miniature. Each of these mini-GRU's utilises its own facilities. With all the
forces at their disposal, they gather information on the enemy, both in
peace-time and wartime.
When we speak of an intelligence directorate of a district, group or
fleet as a mini-GRU, this does not in the least mean that the intelligence directorate
is small or weak. We only mean that the intelligence directorates (RU) of
staffs are smaller than the chief directorate of the general staff. But each of
these twenty-four intelligence directorates is sufficiently strong to be able
to recruit agents independently in the territories of countries or groups of
countries which are in the sphere of interest of the given district, group or
fleet. Each intelligence directorate possesses sufficient power to be able,
without assistance, to disrupt life in any contiguous country or group of
countries. There is only one form of intelligence possessed by the GRU which
the intelligence directorates do not possess, and this is cosmic or space
intelligence. At the same time, instead of this, they have a perhaps no less
important means, which are the diversionary Spetsnaz units. In addition to
ordinary agents providing secret information, the intelligence directorates
recruit special agent- terrorists destined to murder statesmen or senior
military officers and to carry out general terror in the country or group of
countries. Thus each district, group of forces or fleet has its own two
independent secret agent networks, the first being the ordinary espionage
network, and the second the espionage-terrorist network called Spetsnaz. To
visualize the strength of one intelligence directorate, it is sufficient to
remember that each one controls an entire Spetsnaz brigade: 1,300 professional
cut-throats continually in readiness to penetrate the territory of a contiguous
state and go to the assistance of the agent-terrorists.
One can best imagine Soviet military intelligence in the form of a
powerful, feudal state — the GRU — with a first-class army. There are
twenty-four lesser satellite states, the intelligence directorates (RU),
subordinated to the head of this state, and each of these in its turn has its
own army, and a strong one at that. But each satellite also has its vassals
each of whom has his own army and his own vassals, also with armies, and so
forth. The only difference as regards this pyramid form of subordination is
that Soviet military intelligence does not operate on the principle that 'the
vassal of vassal is not my vassal'. The GRU fully and without delegating
authority controls every step of the pyramid. These steps need to be examined.
Each military district and group of forces consists ot armies. Each
fleet consists of flotillas which are equivalent to the armies of the land
forces. On the staff of each army there is an intelligence department (RO)
which is in effect a full vassal of the superior intelligence directorate and
the still superior chief intelligence directorate. The intelligence department
(RO) of an army or flotilla does run an agent network of its own. On the
strength of each intelligence department, and there are in the Soviet armed
forces at least fifty, there is a Spetsnaz company. This company, which numbers
115 saboteurs and cut-throats, is capable of penetrating into the enemy's
territory to murder and kidnap people, blow up bridges, electric power
stations, dams, oil pipelines and so on. And these Spetsnaz units are
supplemented by the intelligence department's wide choice of electronic, air
and other types of intelligence.
An army in the Soviet Union consists of from four to six divisions. In
peace-time there are in the Soviet armed forces about 180 tank and motorised
divisions. In the interests of simplification we can omit the eight divisions
of airborne forces (VDV), the brigades of marine infantry belonging to the
fleets and still many more branches of the Soviet Army which have intelligence
units subordinated directly to the GRU of the general staff. On the strength of
the staff of each division there is a chief reconnaissance officer. He has his
own troops, a reconnaissance battalion, and his vassals, the heads of
regimental reconnaissance and their troops. The reconnaissance battalion of
each division, apart from tank and electronic reconnaissance, has a sabotage
company which is also staffed with cut-throats capable of successful operations
in the enemy's rear. In the interests of accuracy it is necessary to add that
not all of the 180 tank and motorised rifle divisions have a full complement of
personnel in peace-time; many of them have a complete technical staff and full
officer strength, but only a partial complement of soldiers and NCOs. However,
this rule does not apply to reconnaissance units. All the Spetsnaz brigades and
companies of the military districts and armies, all the reconnaissance
battalions (180) of the divisions, all the regimental reconnaissance companies
(more than 700), are always kept at full strength and staffed by elite officers
and NCOs.
Everything that we have listed comes under the indivisible control of
the GRU, although none of it is called by this name. The researcher who studies
the GRU but does not take into consideration the GRU's vassals will have
overlooked twenty-four separate espionage organisations, each of which is as
powerful as the intelligence service of one central European country. He will have
overlooked 100,000 elite troops possessing as many fighting vehicles as a
well-equipped Western European country. But even that is not all. In addition
to its official vassals the GRU also has unofficial vassals who carry out the
orders of the GRU as precisely and with as much jealous zeal as do the
intelligence directorates of military districts, the intelligence departments
of armies and the chief reconnaissance officers of divisions and regiments.
These are the military intelligence services of Cuba, Poland, East Germany,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Mongolia and a number of other countries.
These countries are satellites and in the full meaning of the word vassals of
the Soviet Union. Their secret police forces are under the complete control of
the Soviet KGB and take the form of a miniature copy of the KGB. Their armies
are in thrall to the Soviet Army and their military intelligence services are
full vassals of the GRU, with all their agents, illegals, military attaches,
sabotage agents, diversionary troops and so on. But of these later.
Chapter
Four
The
GRU and the Military Industrial Commission (VPK)
When we use the term 'army' with regard to the Soviet Army we must have
in mind not only the Ministry of Defence, but also the twelve other ministries
whose sole function it is to produce weapons and military technology. Together
all these ministries form the high-powered monolith headed by the military
industrial commission (VPK). Included in the collegium of the military
industrial commission are: one of the first deputies of the chairman of the
council of ministers, thirteen ministers, and the chief of the general staff
and the chief of the GRU. The military industrial commission is the Army and
the Army is the military industrial commission. When we talk of a struggle
between the Army and the Party and the KGB we have in mind the struggle of the
whole military industrial commission, whose fortunes wax and wane in perfect
harmony with the Army's own.
The economic and financial might of the military industrial commission
can only be compared with the might of the Soviet Union itself. Theoretically
the Soviet Union spends, in the interests of defence, the improbably small sum
of nineteen billion roubles a year. This nineteen billion, however, is the
budget of the Ministry of Defence alone. The budgets of the remaining twelve
ministries which produce armaments are kept secret. The Soviet system is
constructed in such a way that the Ministry of Defence does not buy; it
receives the armaments necessary to it. For example, an aircraft carrier is
under construction in the Soviet Union. The Ministry of Defence does not bear
any of the cost of this. The price of the ship is paid to the Ministry of
Shipbuilding by the Council of Ministers under the debit item shipbuilding
industry'. This Ministry, by the way, has never constructed any non-military
vessels. Non-military vessels are, without exception, bought for the Soviet
Union in Poland, East Germany, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Italy, France, Norway,
Sweden, Denmark — it is difficult indeed to list all of them. It is
probably true that only Switzerland is an exception to this list. The same
thing is true of aircraft, tanks, rockets, nuclear bombs, military electronics,
every item of hardware. Nobody in the Soviet Union knows exactly how much the
military industrial commission swallows up, but in any case it is an
astronomical figure.
At the heart of any Soviet five-year plan for economic
development — not the propaganda plan which appears in all the newspapers,
but the genuine, secret plan — will be found the military industrial
commission's plan. For all the other branches of the Soviet economy,
metallurgy, machine tool construction, energy, transport, agriculture, have no
independent significance but only provide for the activities of the military
industrial commission. Soviet science is another organ providing for the
military industrial commission. Officially it is allocated about sixty billion
roubles a year, three times more than defence. But what sort of science is it,
if the Soviet Union can produce the first automatic satellite destroyer in the
world but cannot produce an ordinary compact, small-engined car? The Soviet
Union has had to buy all its technology for the production of small cars from
Italy. What are Soviet scientists up to if the Soviet Union has first-class
military poisons but has to buy fertiliser technology from the United States?
What are the sixty billion roubles spent on if the USSR constructs gigantic
trans-norizontal radar, ultra-high frequency transmitters for communications
with submarines whose underground aerials amount to thousands of kilometres in
length — but has to buy the technology for the production of ordinary
household television sets from France? Sixty billion roubles on science is yet
another means of camouflaging Soviet military expenditure and the true might of
the military industrial commission.
What has the GRU to do with this? The connection is this: the budget of
the GRU is many times greater than the budget of the KGB. But the KGB is much
bigger than the GRU, it has a vast apparatus within the country and its
political influence is colossal. So why is the financial might of the GRU many
times greater than that of the KGB? (Some specialists consider it to be several
tens of times greater.) The business may be explained as follows. The KGB has
its budget, which is without doubt enormous, and the GRU also has a moderate
budget. Both form a part of State expenses and naturally the State tries to
limit these expenses. But in addition to its 'clean' budget the GRU has
colossal orders from the military industrial commission and from Soviet science
which provides for the military commission. These orders are incalculably
greater than the actual 'clean' budget of the GRU. For example, on receiving an
order from the military industrial commission to steal a tank engine, the GRU
receives money allocated as a debit item to 'science' or 'industry'. With this
money the GRU will recruit an agent without spending a single cent of its own
money, industry and science will receive the engine they want and save enormous
expense, and finally the GRU's 'free' agent will continue to work on its behalf
for the rest of his life. All twelve ministries of the military industrial
commission, plus all of military science, are ready to place money with the GRU
if only they can obtain the technology which is essential to them. Designers
and factory directors receive medals and prizes for copying foreign samples of
armaments in the same way as they would if they worked out their own examples.
The KGB depends only on its actual budget, but the GRU draws on the budget of
all Soviet armament industries and science. In the course of a major GRU
operation, such as the theft of all the technological documentation for the
American nuclear submarine George Washington (which enabled the Soviet Union to
build a perfect copy -nicknamed 'Small George'), the GRU will not spend a
single dollar of its own budget. Other memorable examples were the copying of
the American missile 'Red Eye' and the Anglo-French Concorde, among many
others.
***
Why does the KGB not carry out orders for the armaments industry? This
is very simple. The chairmen of the Council of Ministers and Gosplan [The State
planning committee] are responsible for the Soviet economy. They plan how much
money to allocate, to whom and for what purpose. To the chairman of the Council
of Ministers are subordinated both the armaments industry and the Minister of
Defence with the general staff and the GRU. The KGB, alas, is not answerable to
the chairman of the Council of Ministers. Having given money to the GRU to
obtain something interesting, the chairman of the Council of Ministers or the
chairman of the military industrial commission may bang on the table and demand
that delivery be speeded up. But if they give money to the KGB then they will
have to wait quietly until the KGB is ready to deliver the goods. The KGB is
not usually in much of a hurry, even when it has been handsomely and generously
paid. The KGB is a vain and arrogant courtier, having the right to speak at the
King's council, but without a sou in his pocket. The GRU is an ugly hunchback:
a moneylender, ready to serve anybody and making millions in the process. The
courtier hates the moneylender. The courtier would kill the moneylender were it
not for the fact that he serves the King himself.
Chapter
Five
But
Why is Nothing Known about it?
In the Soviet Union the registration plates of certain cars from Georgia
end with the letters GRU. This amusing coincidence goes unnoticed by almost
everybody, including the police, for the GRU is unknown in the Soviet Union
except to a small circle of enlightened ones. Even in the general staff, of
which the GRU is a part, thousands of colonels simply consider that 'military
department 44388', whence comes all espionage information, is a branch of the
KGB. Moreover, KGB officers who guard Soviet embassies overseas but are not
members of the KGB intelligence organisation consider, in many cases, that
there is only one residency in the embassy, that of the KGB.
Much is known about the GRU by Western specialists, but the ordinary
Western man in the street has practically no idea at all about it. His attitude
is analogous to his attitude to the mythical animal from a Scottish loch:
either it exists, there have been photographs published of it, or then again
perhaps it does not exist. Some believe, others do not, but decidedly nobody is
frightened of the animal. Nevertheless, how can so little be known about the
GRU, given that it certainly exists and certainly possesses colossal power?
There are quite a few reasons, so let us discuss the most important
ones. Firstly, having established their bloody dictatorship, the communists had
to announce to the people the existence of an 'extraordinary' organ of the
dictatorship of the proletariat which was permitted to deal in whatever way it
pleased with the people — including the mass executions of millions. They
did this through the mouth of Lenin when he informed the people about the birth
of the V. Tcheka. Later Lenin's successors informed people of all the changes
in the names of the Organs, underlining that it was only the nomenclature that
changed. The essence remained as before. Traditions live, and it is still
forbidden to complain about the Organs. The GRU did not need such publicity and
therefore nothing official was given out about its existence. Secondly, the
main function of the Organs is to exert pressure on the people themselves.
Consequently in the people's consciousness everything that is dark, underground
and secret is connected with the KGB but not at all with the GRU. In practical
terms the GRU did not take part in the struggle against the people. Not because
it was full of humanity and love for its fatherland, but simply because nobody
had given it this function. Naturally people remember the KGB (on any pretext),
but never the GRU. Thirdly, in his struggle for power, Kruschev made known to a
stunned world some of the crimes of his predecessors and honourable Tchekists.
The effect was so shattering that from that moment the whole world unreservedly
saw the leadership of the KGB in all spheres of secret criminal activity.
Kruschev by no means revealed everything, but only that which at a given moment
might bring him undoubted political capital. He pointed to the mass executions
in Stalin's time but forgot to mention the mass executions in Lenin's time. He
mentioned the destruction of the communist leaders in 1937 but omitted the
destruction of the peasants in 1930. He demonstrated the role of the NKVD but
completely forgot the role of the communist party as the main, leading and
directing force. Kruschev was interested in showing up the crimes of the Organs
within the country and he did show up several of them. Revelations of crimes
committed overseas did not enter into Kruschev's plans. They could not bring
him any political advantage. He was therefore silent in this regard and did not
mention the overseas crimes of the KGB and, of course, those of the GRU.
Fourthly, the struggles against dissent, emigration, and western radio stations
broadcasting to the Soviet Union are the sole responsibility of the KGB but not
the GRU. Naturally the most talented representatives of liberation movements
and immigration address their best efforts to enlightening the KGB itself. It
is the same as regards radio station broadcasting to the Soviet Union and the
Western organs of mass information in general. They certainly devote to the KGB
significantly greater attention. Fifthly, any unpleasant things which happen to
foreigners in the Soviet Union are first and foremost connected with the KGB
and this gives rise to a corresponding flow of information about the KGB.
Lastly, having made rivers of blood from the people, the KGB strove to whitewash
itself at all costs advertising the 'attainments' of the Tchekists. In this
connection all intelligence officers, KGB or GRU, were categorised as
Tchekists, and this at a time when GRU intelligence officers hated the
Tchekists many times more than they did the Gestapo. The GRU did not object to
this. It preferred to maintain silence, not only about its crimes and mistakes,
but also about its successes. The spying breed of animal keeps itself in the
depths; muddy water and darkness are more to its liking than publicity.
Chapter
Six
The
GRU and the 'Younger Brothers'
The state structure of any communist country strikingly resembles the
structure of the Soviet Union. Even if it finds itself in conflict with the
Soviet Union or has been able to escape from its influence, it is much the same
in character. The cult of personality is a general rule for all communist
countries, and any 'big brother' needs an all-powerful secret police force to
preserve that cult. Then there must be another secret organisation to
counter-balance the power of the first one.
It is usually military intelligence which fulfils this counterbalancing
role, the more so since all communist countries, regardless of the kind of
communism they adopt, are warlike and aggressive. In a number of communist
countries there would appear to be only one secret police organisation, but in
these cases closer inspection will clearly show a minimum of two mutually
hostile groupings. Sooner or later the dictator will be forced to split his
secret service into two parts. In the countries within the orbit of the Soviet
Union that separation has already been carried out, for all of them have been
created in the image of the elder brother.
The military intelligence services of the satellite countries show great
activity in the collection of espionage material, and all such material
obtained is sent directly to the GRU. The fact is that the intelligence
services of the satellite countries are even legally answerable to the Ministry
of Defence of the Soviet Union. The military intelligence service of each
Warsaw Pact country is subordinate to its chief of the general staff, but the
chief of staff is in his turn subordinate to the chief of staff of the Warsaw
Pact. Theoretically a general from any country of the Warsaw Pact may be
appointed to this position. In practice of course there have only ever been
Soviet generals appointed. One of them is already well known to us: the former
chief of the GRU, General Shtemyenko. After the fall of Kruschev, Brezhnev, trying
to please the Army, recalled the disgraced general from exile and reinstated
him as a full general. As chief of staff of the Warsaw Pact, his direct
superior was (and is) the High Commander of the United Armed Forces of the
member-countries. To this post it has always been a Soviet marshal who has been
appointed. First it was Konyev, then Grechko, after him Yakubovski and finally
Kulikov. But the official title of all these marshals during the time they
commanded the united forces was 'First Deputy of the Minister of Defence of the
USSR — Commander-in-Chief of the United Armed Forces of the member
countries of the Warsaw Pact'. In other words, the armies are the armies of
several states subordinated to a deputy minister of defence in one of those states.
There is sovereignty for you. The USSR Minister of Defence, through his deputy,
directs all the forces of staffs of the 'fraternal countries', including, of
course, the military intelligence services of those countries, and we are not
talking of close co-operation, but of direct subordination in the legal sense.
This is all very well, some sceptics will object, but after what
happened in 1939, every Pole had a fierce dislike for the Soviet communists,
and their intelligence services would hardly work their best in the interests
of the GRU, would they? After 1953 the East Germans fully shared the feelings
of the Poles. In 1956 Hungary joined them, and in 1968 the Czechs and Slovaks.
Surely the intelligence services of these countries would not work hard in the
interests of Soviet military intelligence? Unfortunately this is a delusion
which has gained too wide an acceptance. In practice everything contradicts it.
It is a fact that the peoples of all countries in thrall to the Soviet Union
hate the Soviet communists; but none the less their intelligence services work
to the full extent of their powers in the interests of the elder brother. The
solution to the riddle is this. By means of harsh economic treaties the Soviet
Union has enchained all its 'younger brothers'. For Soviet oil and coal,
electric energy and gas they all have to pay very heavily. The Soviet Union
proposes to its satellites that 'you may pay by means of your own wares or you
may pay by providing the secrets of other people'. This alternative offer is a
very tempting one, to which the general secretaries have unanimously responded
by ordering their intelligence officers to redouble their efforts. So the
intelligence services of all countries tied economically to the Soviet Union
make the greatest possible efforts. By stealing Western secrets and
transmitting them to Soviet military or political intelligence they reduce
their countries' indebtedness and raise their peoples' standards of living.
Western states have been surprised by the extent of the intelligence interests
of communist states. Why should Mongolian intelligence be interested in atomic
reactors, or Cuban intelligence in high-powered rocket engines? These questions
are easily answered as soon as one realises that they are all part of one
gigantic formation. In the ranks of officials of Soviet state institutions
overseas it is almost impossible to find one 'clean' one. All Soviet citizens,
from ambassadors to cleaning staff, in one way or another co-operate with the
KGB or the GRU. The same thing is true of the official institutions of the
'fraternal countries'. There it is also difficult to find a single 'clean'
official. All of them are to some extent co-operating with the Soviet KGB or
GRU — even though frequently they themselves do not realise it.
Chapter
Seven
The
GRU and the KGB
The working methods of the GRU and the KGB are absolutely identical. It
is impossible to tell their signatures apart. But their functions differ
essentially one from the other. The basic function of the KGB may be expressed
in one guiding phrase, not to allow the collapse of the Soviet Union from
inside. Every specific function stems from this. To enumerate some of those
functions: the protection of communist VIPs; the suppression of any clashes or
dissent among the population; the carrying out of censorship and
disinformation; the prohibition of any contact between the people and the
outside world — including the isolation of foreign visitors — and the
cutting off of any contacts already established with them; and the guarding of
frontiers (there are ten districts of KGB frontier forces). The KGB also acts
overseas but its activities rotate around the same main axis — to prevent
the collapse of the USSR from within. This task can be divided in the same way into
its parts: the struggle with emigration and efforts to diminish its influence
on the internal life of the Soviet Union; the struggle with Western radio
stations broadcasting to the Soviet Union and other means of mass information
which give a correct picture of the situation 'within the state of workers and
peasants'; the struggle with religious organisations which might exert
influence on the Soviet population; observing the 'fraternal' communist parties
with the aim of nipping in the bud any heresy which might emerge from them; the
surveillance of all Soviet citizens abroad, including KGB officers themselves;
the seeking out and destruction of the most active opponents of the communist
regime. The KGB also has other functions, but these are all either a part of
the main function or not of prime importance.
The function of the GRU may also be stated in one parallel, but quite
different phrase: to prevent the collapse of the Soviet Union from an external
blow. In the opinion of the general staff such a blow may be struck at the
Soviet Union in peace-time, even in the course of routine Soviet military
adventures in Asia, Africa or Europe. This, the most important function of the
GRU, is undertaken on four fronts. On the military front, literally everything
is of interest to the GRU. Of prime importance, of course, are the composition,
quantity and deployment of the armed forces of all countries of the world; the
plans and thinking of the military leadership and staffs; mobilisation plans in
case of war; the type and direction of military training of forces; the
organisation of forces; the means of supply; morale and so on. Of prime
importance on the military- political front are the relations between the
different countries of the world: overt and covert disagreements; possible
changes in political and military leadership of military and economic blocs;
new alliances; any, even the slightest, change in the political and military
orientation of armies, governments, countries and whole blocs and alliances. On
the military- technologica front the GRU handles intelligence related to the
development of new kinds of armaments and military technique in the countries
of a probable enemy; the carrying out of trials and tests; new technological
processes which might be utilised for military ends. And the military-economic
front presents exceptional interest for the GRU. First and foremost it is
fascinated by the capacity of such and such a state or group of states to
produce modern types of weapons, but it is also extremely keen to learn about
industrial potential, energy, transport, agriculture, the presence of strategic
reserves, vulnerable areas of economy, and energy. The general staff considers
that if the GRU can give accurate information in good time from every country
in the world on these four fronts, then it can count it impossible to destroy
the Soviet Union by means of a blow from outside.
In many instances the interests of the KGB and the GRU are diametrically
different. For example, a demonstration of White Russian emigres is of
absolutely no interest to the GRU, but an object of the greatest possible
interest to the KGB. And vice-versa: no military exercises are of any interest
to the KGB residents, but they are of great interest to GRU residents. Even in
those fields where the GRU and the KGB have what would seem to be interests in
common, for example in politics, their approach to a particular problem would
differ in essence. For example, the personality of President Carter from the
very beginning provoked almost no interest from the side of the GRU, for on the
most superficial possible examination of the President's personality the GRU
infallibly decided that he would never be the first to carry out a pre-emptive
strike against the Soviet Union. But that same man, from the point of view of
the KGB, appears to be the most dangerous opponent possible, because his human
rights policies are a weapon which could destroy the Soviet Union from within.
In another case, the GRU displayed exceptional interest in the changes of
personnel in the Chinese political and military leadership. For the KGB this
question posed practically no interest at all. The KGB very well knows that
after sixty years of communist power the Soviet population will not be in the
least interested in any communist ideology from China or Korea or Yugoslavia;
it is also quite convinced that not one defector from the Soviet Union will
ever seek refuge in China. China is, for the KGB, almost an empty place.
In examining mutual relations between the GRU and the KGB we have to
return to the question of the GRU's dependence on the KGB. In the chapter on
history we endeavoured to show the character of these mutual relations in the
past. The same mutual relations have been preserved up to the present day. The
GRU and the KGB are ready at any moment to destroy each other. Between them
exist exactly those mutual relations which perfectly suit the Party. The
jealousy and mutual hatred between the GRU and KGB are familiar to the police
of every country where the Soviet Union has an embassy, and it is precisely
this enmity, noticeable even to 'unarmed eyes', which provides proof of the
independence of the GRU.
If the fate or career of a GRU resident were to depend even slightly on
his colleague from the KGB, he would never in his life dare to differ with,
still less quarrel or brawl with, the Tchekists: he would be like a cowed
lap-dog with his tail between his legs, not even daring to bark for the lady of
the house, like the 'clean' diplomats in all Soviet embassies. But officers of
the GRU do not do this. They have guarantees of their independence and
invulnerability from the KGB. Some specialists are inclined to consider the GRU
as a branch of the KGB, usually adducing in defence of this opinion two
arguments. Firstly, they say that the chief of the GRU is always a former KGB
general, but this has always been the case, beginning with Aralov, and has
never prevented the GRU from actively opposing the efforts of the KGB to
swallow it, and even sometimes on the order of the Party striking the Tchekists
sudden and heavy blows. The second argument is that everybody joining the GRU
has to be vetted by the KGB. This argument appears convincing only at a first
glance. The fact is that ea«jh new official of the Central Committee of the
Party also undergoes the same vetting by the KGB, but it certainly does not
follow this that the Central Committee is under the control of the KGB or is a
branch of the KGB. Both the Central Committee and the GRU select for themselves
the people necessary to them, and in this connection consult the KGB, for any
person until he becomes a Central Committee official or joins the GRU is under
the control of the KGB and possibly the KGB may have some unfavourable
information on a given person. The KGB in this case plays the part of a filter.
But once having passed this person through its filter the KGB no longer has the
right to interfere with him, either inside the Central Committee or inside the
GRU. The KGB is like a guard at the gate of a secret installation. The guard
may refuse entry to an engineer who has forgotten his pass at home, but he has
no right to examine the contents of that engineer's safe. If it so desires, the
KGB may, of course, discredit any unwanted official of the GRU or the Central
Committee. However, this is fraught with potential reciprocal measures.
There exists still another irrefutable indicator of the independence of
the GRU from the KGB. In the GRU there is no 'special department'. The security
of the GRU is assured by its own forces, and always has been. The Party is very
keen that this should continue, because it knows that if the KGB were to
organise its own 'special department' in the GRU, a similar department would
swiftly be introduced into the Politburo.
To illustrate the uneasy peace and the paradox of the independence that
exists within the triangle of Party — KGB — GRU, let us consider a
real confrontation. The working day of the GRU chief usually begins at seven
o'clock in the morning, sometimes earlier. At that time he personally reads all
telegrams which have come during the night from illegals, from undercover
residencies, and from the intelligence directorates of military districts,
groups of forces and of the fleet intelligence. In the next-door office, the first
deputy to the GRU chief and the chief of information of the GRU are doing the
same thing. If any questions have been raised by any of the higher commanders,
from the chief of the general staff upwards, their opinions will be heard
separately, independent from the opinions of the GRU chief.
This day began for the GRU leadership at the unusually early hour of
3.30 in the morning, when it was informed by the command point that the
aircraft from Paris had landed at the central airport and taxied up to the GRU
building. The day before, at Le Bourget airport, the Soviet supersonic
passenger aircraft Tupolev TU144 had crashed. The whole of the Paris residency
had been at the show and the majority had had cine cameras. The moment of
catastrophe had been photographed from different points by different officers,
and the GRU had at its disposal no fewer then twenty films showing the same
moment. The films had not been developed in Paris but brought straight to
Moscow. Now the operational technological institute of the GRU would develop
them immediately. At nine o'clock in the morning the Politburo session was to
begin, at which they would hear evidence from Tupolev, his deputies, the
minister of aviation production, the director of the Voronesh aviation factory,
directors of subsidiary concerns, test pilots and of course the GRU and the
KGB. But at seven, the telephone rang and it was Andropov, at the time head of
the KGB. 'Peter Ivanovitch, how are you?'
Peter Ivanovitch Ivashutin (present chief of the GRU) did not hasten to
match the friendly tone. 'Well. How are you, comrade Andropov?'
'Peter Ivanovitch, don't be so official. Have you forgotten my name?
Peter Ivanovitch, there is something I want to talk to you about. I hear you
have got some films showing the catastrophe.' Peter Ivanovitch said nothing.
'Peter Ivanovitch, would you be very kind and give me just one little film? You
know yourself that I have to make a report to the Politburo but I have no
material. These shows are not of great interest to my chaps and unfortunately
not one of them was there with a cine camera. Help me to get out of this mess.
I need that film about the catastrophe.'
All service telephone calls to the GRU chief are relayed through the GRU
command point. The duty shift of operators is always in readiness to prompt
their chief with a necessary figure or fact, or to help him over a mistake in
conversation. At this point the entire duty shift was frozen to the spot. Their
help was not called for at all. The GRU chief remained silent for some time.
The duty operators were quite certain that in a similar situation, the KGB
would undoubtedly refuse if the GRU asked for its help. But what would be the
decision of the GRU chief, an ex-colonel-general of the KGB and ex-deputy
chairman of the KGB? Finally, in friendly, even tones he answered Andropov.
'Yuri Vladimirovich, I won't give you one film, I'll give you all
twenty. Only I will show them at nine o'clock in the Politburo, and at ten
o'clock I'll send my chaps over to the Central Committee to give you all the
films.'
Andropov angrily slammed down the receiver. A concerted roar of laughter
shook the walls of the underground command point. The senior operator, choking
with laughter, entered the conversation in the log book.
(After Andropov became General Secretary of the Communist Party and
Soviet Leader, Ivashutin still survived as GRU chief, because any attack from
Andropov could easily have upset the fragile Party-Army balance with
unpredictable consequences for Andropov himself.)
Chapter
Eight
The
Centre
Unlike the KGB, the GRU does not try to advertise itself, and its head
office does not rise in the centre of the capital on its most crowded square.
The head office of the GRU, although it is in Moscow, is by no means easy to
find. It is enclosed from three sides by the central airport, the old Khodinka
field. The aerodrome is surrounded on all sides by restricted buildings, among
which are the offices of three leading aviation firms and one rocket
construction firm, and the military aviation academy and the aviation
institute. In the centre of these secret institutes the aerodrome carries on
with its life as if half-asleep. Very, very rarely, in the middle of the night,
a covered-up fuselage of a fighter aircraft is taken out of a hangar, loaded
onto a transport aeroplane and transported somewhere into the trans-Volga
steppe for testing. Sometimes another transport aircraft lands, goes up to the
GRU building and unloads a foreign tank or rocket, after which everything
becomes peaceful again. For two months of the year preparations are carried out
for the grandiose military parades, and the roar of tank engines can be heard
on the airfield. The parades finish, but the guarded area remains guarded, an
empty field in the centre of Moscow patrolled by watchdogs. Not one civil
aircraft or helicopter disturbs the quiet of Khodinka, only the watchdogs howl
at night like wolves. How many of them are there? One loses count. No, from
three sides it is impossible to get to the GRU. From the fourth side, too. On
the fourth side there is the Institute of Cosmic Biology, with more dogs and
electric barbed wire. A narrow little lane leads through a blind wall ten
metres high, behind which is the 'Aquarium'. In order to penetrate into the
inner fortress of the GRU one must negotiate either the area of the secret
aerodrome or the area of the top secret institute.
The head office of the GRU is a nine-storey extended rectangle. On all
sides the building is surrounded by a two-storey structure, the windows of
which give onto the central courtyard. The external walls have no windows at
all. The fifteen-storey building adjacent to the area also belongs to the GRU,
although it is situated outside its external walls. Many families of GRU
officers live here, and the building has a completely normal appearance and
looks like an ordinary block of flats. Only a certain number of the flats,
however, are used for living purposes; the others are used by the service for
official purposes. The whole of the area, centimetre by centimetre, is under
surveillance from the tele-cameras and patrolled continuously by gentlemen with
big, fat faces. But even if it were not thus, a stranger there would be
apprehended immediately. Any of the little old men seated on benches (minimum
twenty years' service in the GRU) would immediately inform the necessary people
if he saw something untoward. Nobody is allowed to bring a car into the GRU's
inner area, not even the Minister of Defence or General Secretary. One is only
admitted after passing through a special inspection and sophisticated
electronic equipment. Nobody may bring in so much as a cigarette lighter, still
less a briefcase. There must be no metallic object on your person, not even a
belt-buckle — the GRU recommends braces. All necessities for work and life
are to be found inside, including cigarette lighters and fountain pens. The GRU
gives them out — after they have been checked, of course.
***
The chief of the GRU is subordinate to the chief of the general staff
and is his deputy. Directly subordinate to the chief of the GRU are the GRU's
command point, the deputy chief and a group of advisers. The organisational
units constituting the GRU are directorates, directions, and sections. In units
which are not directly concerned with the acquisition and processing of
information there exist the divisions of directorates, departments and
sections. The military rank of the chief of the GRU is Army General. Under him
are a first deputy and deputies. In the case where the deputy has several directorates
under his command, his military rank will be colonel-general. If he only has
one directorate, lieutenant-general. Chiefs of directorates are
lieutenant-generals. The deputies of heads of directorates, heads of directions
and departments are major-generals. The deputy heads of directions and
departments, the heads of sections and their deputies are colonels. The
rank-and-file members of sections are called senior operational officers and
operational officers. The military rank of a senior operational officer is
colonel, of an operational officer lieutenant-colonel.
An overwhelming number of GRU officers hold the military rank of
colonel. This, however, does not at all mean that they are equal amongst each
other. Between the colonel who fulfils the duties of a senior operational
officer and the deputy head of a direction who is also a colonel there is a
wide gulf. The high service ranks existing in the GRU do not preclude the
appointment of a very young captain or senior lieutenant to the post of senior operational
officer, either. The system adopted by the Soviet Army permits this. A captain
may be an acting major, or a senior lieutenant may be an acting colonel.
Seniority is judged not by the pips on the officer's shoulder, but by the
position he holds.
In total the GRU has sixteen directorates: most of them have a number
from one to twelve. Certain numbers do not exist and the directorate is simply
called by its name, as for example the personnel directorate. Directions and
departments forming parts of a directorate have numbers, for example '41
Direction' means the first direction of the fourth directorate. Directions and
departments not forming part of a directorate have a single number with the
letters GRU added, for example, the first department GRU. The hierarchy in the
GRU is as follows. The chief of the GRU has one first deputy and seven deputies
beneath him. He controls:
i The Illegals Section. With the help of this section he personally
directs effective illegals and agents about whom nobody knows. He also directs
his own first deputy.
ii First Deputy Chief of the GRU (colonel-general), beneath whom are all
the procurement organs which provide information.
iii The Chief of Information (colonel-general) in charge of all the
processing organs of the GRU.
iv The Chief of the Political Section (lieutenant-general).
v The Chief of the Electronic Intelligence Directorate (lieutenant-
general).
vi The Chief of Fleet Intelligence (vice-admiral).
vii The Chief of the Cosmic Intelligence Directorate (lieutenant-
general).
viii The Head of the Soviet Army Academy (colonel-general),
ix The Head of the Personnel Directorate (lieutenant-general).
Chapter
Nine
The
Procurement Organs
All units of the GRU are divided in their designations into procurement,
processing and support. The great majority of the procurement organs, the
providers of information, are controlled by the first deputy chief of the GRU.
They include the first directorate, which carries out agent intelligence on
European territory, and consists of five directions, each of which carries out
agent intelligence on the territories of several countries (each direction
consists of sections which direct undercover residencies in one of the
countries concerned); the second directorate with an analogous organisation
carrying out agent intelligence in America, both North and South; the third
directorate, which carries out agent intelligence in Asia; and the fourth
directorate, dealing with agent intelligence in Africa, and the Middle East.
Each directorate contains about 300 high-ranking officers in the Moscow centre,
and about 300 abroad. Besides these four directorates, there are also four
directions which undertake the same duties. These directions do not form parts
of directorates but are answerable to the first deputy chief. The first GRU
direction carries out agent intelligence in the Moscow area and it has its
influential representatives in all Soviet official institutions used by the GRU
as cover: the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of External Trade,
Aeroflot, the Merchant Navy, the Academy of Sciences and so forth. These
representatives fit their young officers into slots in the institution serving
as cover and guarantee their smooth progress in their future activities. In
addition some GRU officers, on their return from overseas, continue to work in
their covering organisation and not in the head office. Using these officers,
the first direction recruits foreign military attaches, members of military
delegations, businessmen and representatives of aviation and steamship
companies. The second direction carries out agent intelligence in the area of
East and West Berlin, a gigantic organisation which again does not form part of
a directorate. The third direction is concerned with agent intelligence in
national liberation movements and terrorist organisations. Its favourite child
until recently was the Palestine Liberation Organisation. The fourth department
carries out agent intelligence work from Cuban territory against many
countries, including the United States. In many respects the fourth direction
duplicates the activity of the second directorate. It has unlimited power in
the ranks of the Cuban intelligence service and with its help actively
penetrates and endeavours to direct the activities of unaligned movements.
The GRU adheres to a different principle in running its illegals from
the principle adopted by the KGB. Among its procurement organs there is no
separate unit for directing illegals, and the GRU does not consider such a unit
necessary. Each of the directorate heads and several of the direction heads
have under their command sections of illegals. This permits them to run
illegals and residencies under cover at the same time in the territories of
groups of countries or entire continents. The directorate or direction head may
at any moment use his illegals for carrying out a secret check of the
undercover residencies. The first deputy to the chief of the GRU also has an
analogous section under his command. Naturally, he has very high-quality
illegals. The first deputy may use his own illegals for secret checks on
undercover residencies, and also the illegals under the command of directorate
and direction heads. Finally, the absolute cream of the illegals are run
personally by the chief of the GRU through his own illegals section. He can use
his illegals for the checking of everything and everybody, including illegals
under the command of the first deputy.
There is a fifth GRU directorate, which is also concerned with
procurement and controlled by the first deputy. However, its functions differ
from those on the four directorates and four directions listed above. The fifth
directorate does not carry out independent agent intelligence work but directs
the activities of the intelligence directorates of military districts, groups
of forces and fleets. This directorate is a kind of controller of vassals.
Directly under its control are twenty intelligence directorates belonging to
the military districts, groups of forces and fleet intelligence, the latter
having in its turn four more fleet intelligence directorates beneath it. The
number of secret agents and diversionary agents ultimately controlled by the
fifth directorate exceeds the number of all the agents controlled by the first
four directorates and four directions, and these agents operate on all the same
territories where illegals, undercover residencies and agents of the
above-mentioned directorates and departments operate. With their help the first
deputy, or indeed the chief himself, may secretly check on the activities of
his directorate. This arrangement works in reverse too: with the help of agents
of the first four directorates and four directions he can check the activities
of the secret agents of military districts, fleets and groups of forces.
In addition to the proliferation of units outlined above, there are two
more GRU directorates which are concerned with the procurement of information:
the sixth directorate and the cosmic intelligence directorate. These
directorates procure and partly process information, but they do not go in for
agent intelligence, so they are not considered as purely procurement
directorates and are not subordinate to the first deputy chief of the GRU. The
chiefs of both these directorates answer to the chief of the GRU and are his
deputies, but not first deputies.
The GRU sixth directorate is concerned with electronic intelligence. For
this purpose its officers are posted to undercover residencies in the capitals
of foreign states and there form groups which intercept and decipher
transmissions on governmental and military networks. There are also many
regiments of electronic intelligence on the territories of the Eastern bloc and
Soviet Union, and these are integral parts of the sixth directorate. Furthermore,
this directorate controls the electronic intelligence services of the military
districts, groups of forces and fleets which in their turn have their own
regiments, special ships, aircraft and helicopters for electronic espionage.
The electronic espionage services of each military district, group and fleet
correspondingly control similar services in the armies and flotillas, and these
in their turn control those of the divisions. And so it goes on. All the
information acquired from the electronic companies of divisions, electronic
battalions of armies, regiments of military districts and groups of forces and
spy ships of the fleet, is collected in the sixth directorate and analysed
there.
The GRU cosmic intelligence directorate is no less powerful. It has its
own cosmodromes, a number of research institutes, a co-ordinating computer
centre and huge resources. It works out the technical details for spy
satellites independently and prepares them in its own works. The Soviet Union
has sent into orbit more than 2,000 cosmic objects for different purposes, and
one in three of them belongs to the GRU. The vast majority of Soviet
cosmonauts, with the exception of those who undertake only demonstration
flights, work for half their time in space in the interests of the GRU. The KGB
lies far behind the GRU in this respect.
Chapter
Ten
Fleet
Intelligence
The GRU fifth directorate directs twenty intelligence directorates of
military districts and groups of forces directly, and four intelligence
directorates of fleets co-ordinated by an organisation known as fleet
intelligence. Fleet intelligence was introduced because each military district
and group of forces has a very strictly denned sphere of responsibility in time
of war, whereas the ships of the four Soviet fleets operate in widely scattered
areas of the world's oceans and each ship must continuously have full
information on the enemy. The chief of fleet intelligence comes under the GRU
chief as a deputy, and he controls the four intelligence directorates of naval
staff- Northern, Pacific, Black Sea and Baltic- and the fleet cosmic
intelligence directorate and information service. In his day-to-day activities
he is under the orders of the GRU fifth directorate.
Fleet intelligence directorates have a structure similar to that of the
directorates of military districts. There are small differences caused by
maritime factors, which for our purposes are insignificant, and the fleet
intelligence directorates together with those belonging to military districts
will be examined in detail in Part II under the heading of 'Operational
Intelligence'.
The GRU chief has at his disposal two independent cosmic intelligence
services. One is beneath him directly, the GRU cosmic intelligence directorate,
and the other through the chief of fleet intelligence. The Soviet High Command
quite reasonably considers that, bearing in mind the tasks to be fulfilled, the
fleet must have its own cosmic intelligence service. This of course does not
exclude the GRU chief controlling his own cosmic intelligence service with the
help of the other and vice-versa. Considering that not only the GRU cosmic
intelligence service, but also that of the fleets has its own spy satellites,
we may say that out of all the satellites put into orbit by the Soviet Union,
about half are directly or indirectly subordinated to the GRU.
Chapter
Eleven
The
GRU Processing Organs
The GRU processing organs are sometimes called the information service
or more frequently simply 'information'. The chief of information has the rank
of colonel-general and is a deputy to the GRU chief. The following are under
his control:
i the information command point; ii six information directorates; iii
the institute of information; iv the information services of fleet
intelligence; v the information services of intelligence directorates of
military districts and groups; vi all the organisations of military
intelligence listed below which are concerned with the processing of secret
material acquired.
The information command point is second only to the GRU central command
point. It receives all intelligence material coming from illegals, undercover
residencies, agents, from cosmic and electronic intelligence and also from the
intelligence directorates of military districts, fleets, groups of forces, and
from the military intelligence services of the satellite countries. It has full
power to ask any resident, agent or illegal, in fact any source of intelligence
information, to give more precise details or to re- check information
submitted. The information command point works without breaks, without days
off, without holidays. It carries out all preliminary processing of all the
material submitted; each morning at six o'clock it publishes a top secret
'Intelligence Summary' destined for members of the Politburo and the higher
military command, and in the morning all material which has come to hand during
the previous twenty- four hours is transmitted to the informational
directorates of the GRU for detailed analysis.
In all, there are six directorates plus the information institute on the
strength of the information service. The numbering begins of course with the
seventh directorate which is concerned with a study of NATO in all its aspects.
The directorate consists of six departments, each of which consists of
sections. Each department and each section carries responsibility for the study
of individual trends or aspects of NATO activities. The eighth directorate
carries out studies of individual countries worldwide, irrespective of whether
that country belongs to NATO or not. Special attention is paid to questions of
political structure, armed forces and economies, and special emphasis is put on
a study of the personal activities of statesmen and military leaders. The ninth
directorate studies military technology. It is very tightly connected with the
Soviet design offices and with the armaments industry, as a whole. It is the
only link between the Soviet armaments factories copying foreign weapons and
the residents of Soviet intelligence who obtain the necessary secrets. The
tenth directorate studies military economics worldwide, carefully watching arms
sales, studying production and technological developments, strategic resources
and vulnerable points. The idea of an oil embargo first saw the light of day in
this directorate as a suggestion in the 'Locomotive Report' of 1954, when it
was pointed out that, to wreck the 'locomotive of capitalism' it was not
necessary to smash the engine, only to deprive it of a crucial ingredient.
Immediately after this the Soviet penetration of the Arab nations began.
Happily this stunning idea of the tenth directorate has not as yet been put
into practice. The eleventh studies strategic concepts and strategic nuclear
forces of all countries who possess such capabilities, or may in the future
possess them. This directorate carefully monitors any signs of increased
activity, any change in emphasis in the activities of strategic nuclear forces
in any region of the globe. The officers of this directorate form the backbone of
Soviet delegations to the SALT talks. Unfortunately we do not possess reliable
information on the activities of the twelfth directorate.
The gigantic information institute functions independently of the
directorates. It is controlled by the chief of information but operates outside
the walls of the GRU. As opposed to the directorates, which base their analyses
of the situation exclusively on secret documents obtained by agent, electronic
and cosmic intelligence, the institute studies overt sources: the press, radio
and television. The Western press is a veritable treasure house for Soviet
intelligence.
The activity of each information directorate in many respects duplicates
the activity of its neighbour directorates. The advantage of such a set-up is
that it prevents a one-sided view and a subjective approach to problems.
Directorates and sections look at problems in a narrow, parochial manner,
giving their opinions not on the whole question but only on a part. A unified
opinion is worked out by the head of information with the help of his best
experts and the command point. Many reports from the procurement organs of the
GRU are analysed simultaneously by several or even by all units of the
information at the same time. Let us suppose, for example, that a case officer
belonging to an undercover residency receives a short verbal report from an
agent to the effect that a new jet fighter is in the process of being developed
in the United States and no official announcement has as yet been made.
Immediately after the meeting with the agent the case officer would send an
enciphered telegram, one brief sentence, to Moscow. But the information command
point has no other report on this question, nor any evidence to support it. The
report would be published in the 'Intelligence Summary' under the heading
'unchecked and unconfirmed report'. The next morning all members of the
Politburo and the higher military command would receive the volume printed
during the night. At the same time all branches of information would be studying
the report. The seventh directorate, trying to put itself in the shoes of NATO
leaders, would endeavour to calculate what present and future value this
fighter would have for NATO and, if it were really to be taken into service,
how it would affect the balance of power in Europe and in the world. The
question of which country of the United States' allies would be likely to buy
such an aircraft would also be studied. Units of the seventh directorate would
immediately start searching their archives for information on what NATO leaders
have said about the future development of aviation. Simultaneously with this
the eighth directorate responsible for individual countries including US
studies would thoroughly research the question as to who insisted on the
decision to develop a new aircraft; what forces in the country might come out
against such a decision; which aviation companies might be drawn into the
development of the aircraft by tendering for the contract; who would be likely
to win and who to lose. The ninth directorate, on the basis of an analysis of
the latest American achievements in the sphere of engine building,
aerodynamics, aviation electronics, might be able to foretell the basic
technical parameters of the aircraft. The tenth directorate would unerringly
tell, on the basis of an analysis of military orders, military budgets and the
budgets of the country's main corporations, which aviation companies would
actually be involved and to what extent. The eleventh directorate would study
the problem from the angle of the aircraft's potential use as a carrier of
nuclear weapons. It would be able to draw conclusions without knowing very much
about the new aircraft, simply on the evidence of existing carriers of atomic
weapons, their replacement in service, the quantity of nuclear weapons and
plans for their utilisation. At the same time, the information institute would
call up all overt publications which might have some bearing on the problem and
present its own opinion to the information command point. And all residents,
illegals, independently operating agents, intelligence directorates of military
districts, fleets and army groups would receive appropriate orders to increase
their activity with regard to the question. Such an order would also be received
by the 'younger brothers'. By the evening reports of all the branches would be
collected at the command point and be printed that night in the routine
'Intelligence Summary', amongst hundreds of similar reports already confirmed.
The GRU lays great stress on questions of training specialists for the
information directorates. Alongside professional intelligence officers work the
best specialists from a wide range of scientific, technical and industrial
fields. The GRU has the right to co-opt any specialist from cosmic research or
atomic energy, microbiology or computer technology, strategic planning or
international relations. Such a right was accorded to the GRU by the Central
Committee on the principle that it is better for the Soviet Union to be in the
know about the most modern achievements of the United States, Japan, Great
Britain, France and the Federal Republic of Germany than to work out its own.
In conformity with this the GRU, during the most dramatic moments of the space
race of the sixties, unceremoniously co-opted the leading Soviet specialists in
the field of piloted cosmic flights and, with their help, monitored every step
of the Americans' progress. It is evident that every Soviet programme was based
on an American model, but launched days or even months before the Americans
carried out theirs. As a result every record, including the first orbital
flight, the first multi-seater spaceship, the first entry into outer space went
to the Soviet Union. This state of affairs continued right up to the time when
the adventurism of the Soviet programme produced a series of tragic accidents.
The information directorates of the GRU have at their disposal the
highest quality electronic equipment produced by the best American firms, and
the GRU leadership, not without reason, considers that the technical equipment
of the processing organs of the GRU is vastly superior to that of comparable
units within the
In a totalitarian state, every lower level is completely dependent on
its superior, and there is no organ which can defend it from the caprices of
its superior. This is the very essence of the Soviet Union, and this is why it
is necessary for the leaders of Soviet intelligence to have recourse to such
cunning. The system has been well-tried up to the present time and serves as a
kind of lightning conductor. The chief of the GRU camouflages his own opinion,
always adopting the position adopted by the general secretary of the Party at a
given moment, and at the same time he is able to present the developing
situation to the leadership in a most objective way, thus transferring all
responsibility from his shoulders to the shoulders of his subordinates. The
overseas intelligence organs, separated by thousands of kilometres from Moscow,
cannot possibly know what opinion their rulers hold at a given moment. They are
therefore forced to give simply objective material which can be directly
reported to the higher command. Only in this way can the intelligence
leadership exert any influence on its stubborn masters when the latter do not
wish to listen to any opinion which contradicts their own.
But the totalitarian system still exerts a crushing influence on all
branches of society, including the intelligence services. Nobody has the right
to object to, or contradict, the supreme command. Thus it was under Lenin and
Stalin and Kruschev and Brezhnev, and thus it will be in the future. Should the
supreme command have an incorrect view of things, then no intelligence or
information service can convince it otherwise; it does not dare. Nor does
first-class American equipment help, nor the very best specialists. It is not
the fault of the intelligence services, it is the system's fault. In cases where
the supreme command is frankly deluded, as Stalin was in 1941, intelligence has
absolutely no chance of influencing him and its effectiveness at that moment is
nil.
However, it is not always like that. If the desires of the dictator and
his intelligence service coincide, then the latter's effectiveness grows many
times greater. In this case, the totalitarian system is not a brake but an
accelerator. The dictator does not care at all for moral sides of a question.
He is not at all answerable before society for his actions; he fears no
opposition or discussion; and he is able to supply his intelligence service
with any amount of money, even at a moment when the country is suffering from
hunger. The GRU has carried out its most brilliant operations at exactly such
moments, when the opinions of the dictator and the intelligence service
coincided. And the information service has played a first-class role on these
occasions.
Let us consider one example. During the Second World War a section of
the tenth directorate (economics and strategic resources) was studying the
trends in the exchange of precious metals in the United States. The specialists
were surprised that an unexpectedly large amount of silver was allocated 'for
scientific research'. Never before, either in America or in any other country,
had such a large amount of silver been spent for the needs of research. There
was a war going on and the specialists reasonably supposed that the research
was military. The GRU information analysed all the fields of military research
known to it, but not one of them required the expenditure of so much silver.
The second reasonable assumption by the GRU was that it was some new field of
research concerning the creation of a new type of weapon. Every information
unit was brought to bear on the study of this strange phenomenon. Further
analysis showed that all publications dealing with atomic physics had been
suppressed in the United States and that all atomic scientists, fugitives from
occupied Europe, had at the same time disappeared without trace from the
scientific horizon. A week later the GRU presented to Stalin a detailed report
on developments in the USA of atomic weapons. It was a report which had been
compiled on the basis of only one unconfirmed fact, but its contents left no
room for doubt about the correctness of the deductions it made. Stalin was
delighted with the report: the rest is well known.
Chapter
Twelve
All GRU organs which are not directly concerned with the provision or
processing of intelligence material are considered as support services. It is
not possible for us to examine all of these, but we will simply take briefly
the most important of them.
The Political Department is concerned with the ideological monitoring of
all GRU personnel. The military rank of the head of the political department is
lieutenant-general and again he is a deputy to the GRU chief. As opposed to any
other political departments the GRU political department is made up not of
party officials but of professional intelligence officers. There are also
several other differences. All political directorates and departments of the
Soviet Army are subordinated to the chief political directorate of the Soviet
Army, which is at the same time one of the Central Committee departments. The
GRU political department, however, is subordinated directly to the Central
Committee administrative department. The political department of the GRU has
considerable weight in Moscow, especially as regards staff movements, but it
has no right to interfere in intelligence work. It exerts practically no
influence on the activities of overseas branches of the GRU. Overseas the
residents are personally responsible for the ideological monitoring of their
officers.
The Personnel Directorate is directly beneath the chief of the GRU. The
head of the directorate, a lieutenant-general, is also a deputy to the chief of
the GRU. The directorate is staffed only by intelligence officers who, in
common with officers of the procurement and processing organs, the political
department and other branches of the GRU, regularly go abroad for a period of
several years and then return to work at domestic postings.
The personnel directorate has exceptional influence both in the GRU and
outside. It directs the movements of all officers, not only inside the GRU, but
in a number of satellites, in fleet intelligence, intelligence directorates of
military districts and groups of forces too, and also in the intelligence
services of Eastern bloc countries.
The Operational/Technical Directorate is concerned with the development
and production of all espionage equipment and apparatus. Within its dominion
fall several scientific research institutes and specialised undertakings. On
the orders of the procurement organs the directorate prepares equipment for
secret writing and micro-photography, several kinds of dead letter-box, radio
appliances, eavesdropping material, armaments and poisons, to name but a few.
Its head is a lieutenant- general, although he is not classed officially as a
deputy.
The Administrative/Technical Directorate is in charge of foreign
currencies and other items of value, gold and diamonds, for example. This
directorate is the currency middle-man between the military industrial
commission and the operational users. It controls all the currency resources of
the GRU and also carries out secret speculative operations on the international
market. Possessed of colossal currency resources, it frequently uses them in
order to exert secret pressure on individual businessmen, statesmen and
sometimes even on whole governments. No less important, it is responsible for
the growth of capital belonging to the GRU and for the acquisition of 'clean'
currency.
The Communications Directorate deals with the organisation of radio and
other communication between the GRU and its overseas units. Needless to say, it
controls several powerful reception and transmission centres of its own, but
should the need arise to secure special channels of communication, in case of a
worsening of operational conditions, for example, then it can make use of the
services of the cosmic intelligence directorate, communicating with illegals
and agents by means of GRU satellites.
The Financial Department: unlike the administrative/technical
directorate, the financial department deals only with Soviet money, not with
foreign currency. The financial department carries out legal financial
operations in the Soviet Union.
The First GRU Department (Passport) studies passport regulations
worldwide. In the pursuit of this esoteric duty it has the greatest collection
in the world of passports, identity cards, driving licences, military
documents, passes, police documents, railway, air and sea tickets. The
department keeps maps of many thousands of frontier posts, customs and police
posts, and so on. The department can at any moment say what documents are
required at any given control point in the world, what sort of questions are
asked, and what stamps are to be put on the passports and other documents.
Within a few hours, it can forge the passport of any country to conform with
the latest changes in the passport and visa regulations of that country, having
at its disposal hundreds of thousands of blanks for new passports, identity
cards and driving licences for every country in the world. In my experience,
the preparation of the papers which will preserve one's true identity can be
done in a very short time.
The Eighth GRU Department is the most secret of all the top secret units
of the GRU. The eighth department possesses all the GRU's secrets. It is here
that the enciphering and deciphering of all incoming and outgoing documents is
carried out.
The Archives Department is possibly the most interesting of all the
departments. In its cellars are millions of personal details and files on
illegals, domestic officers, undercover residencies, successful recruitment of
foreigners (and unsuccessful ones), material on everyone from statesmen and
army heads to prostitutes and homosexuals and designers of rockets and submarines.
In every file lies the fate of an individual, in every file there is an
unwritten novel.
PART
TWO
Chapter
One
Illegals
We can define an illegal as an officer of strategic intelligence
performing the tasks of the Centre on the territory of a foreign state, who
passes himself off as a foreigner but not as a Soviet citizen. Illegals are
frequently confused with agents, but these are completely different things. The
crucial difference is that the agent is an inhabitant of a foreign country who
has been recruited by, and works in the interest of, Soviet intelligence,
whereas an illegal is first and foremost a Soviet officer passing himself off
as a foreigner. Sometimes some of the most valuable and deserving agents
receive Soviet citizenship as an incentive and are awarded the rank of an
officer of the GRU or the KGB, but even so, an agent remains an agent. However,
in the occasional case when a foreigner has been recruited by Soviet
intelligence and for some reason or other changes his appearance or name and
continues his activities with false documents, then he is called an illegal
agent.
Both the GRU and the KGB have their own illegal networks, but these are
completely independent one from the other. Each organisation selects, trains,
prepares, deploys and utilises its illegals as it sees fit. In the same way
each organisation separately works out principles, methods of work and
technical details of the illegal system separately. The system of running
illegals is entirely different in the two services. In the KGB there is a
special directorate of illegal activities. In the GRU, all illegals are trained
in a training centre under the leadership of Lieutenant-General V. T. Guryenko.
After their training, the illegals are put at the disposal of the heads of the
four geographical directorates and are controlled personally by them. Thus each
directorate head supervises a number of directions and separately a group of
illegals. In order to help him, the directorate head can call on a small group
of advisers consisting in the main of former illegals (though not 'blown' ones)
who are ready at any moment, using false papers, to go to the target country
and 'fine-tune' and help the activities of the illegal networks. Directorate
heads themselves frequently travel abroad for the same reasons. A number of the
more important illegals are directly controlled by the first deputy head of the
GRU, and there is a cream who are under the personal supervision of the head of
the GRU. Thus both one and the other have small groups consisting of the most
experienced and successful illegals who have returned from abroad and who
exercise supervision over the daily running of the illegals. If a young illegal
begins to acquire really interesting information he is transferred from the control
of the head of a directorate to that of the first deputy or, in the case of
even greater success, to that of the head of the GRU himself. This is, of
course, a very high honour, granted only to those who return information of a
very high calibre -unprecedented or highly classified material which produces
an intelligence breakthrough. Equally an illegal may be demoted for failing to
produce the goods. In certain cases his grade may fall below that which is
supervised by the head of a directorate and he will be supervised only by the
head of a direction. This is a very critical stage for the illegal, although he
may not even be able to guess that it has happened. If he is demoted to
direction head level — and he is, of course, not informed about this -the
next step could well be a recall to the Soviet Union, regarded by all
intelligence personnel as the direst form of punishment. Recall to the Soviet
Union is a particularly effective measure against any Soviet citizen serving
abroad. It is all the same to them whether they are in Paris or in Pnom Penh.
The only important thing is that they should not be in the Soviet Union, and
transfer to the Soviet Union, even on promotion, is regarded as the tragedy of
a lifetime.
The selection of potential illegals is carried out by each of the four
geographical directorates independently. Candidates are selected on the basis
of future requirements. In basic terms, officers of the Soviet Army and Navy
are used who as yet may know nothing about the GRU. Sometimes experienced
officers of the GRU are used, those who have completed the Military-Diplomatic
Academy and have already worked in intelligence or in the information
processing departments. Sometimes the GRU will select for illegal activities
young Soviet citizens, mainly those who have completed linguistic courses in
higher education. Higher education is an essential requirement, therefore the
minimum age at which a recruit will begin his training is 21 to 23 years.
Although General Guryenko's organisation is called the Training Centre',
not one Soviet illegal who has defected has ever been able to say exactly where
it is. The name Training Centre seems simply to reflect the existence of one
organisation occupied with one task. Either the organisation is constantly on the
move, or a secluded little place is selected for each individual trainee,
normally in the Moscow area where there are great numbers of dachas. The dachas
for the training of illegals are well concealed among other governmental
buildings, where outsiders are not to be seen on the streets and unnecessary
questions are not asked, but gentlemen of sporting appearance may be seen
walking in pairs in the quiet shady avenues. The dacha provides an ideally
isolated territory for training. In addition to the candidate and his family,
two or three instructors also live in the dacha where they can immerse him
completely and supervise him very carefully all the time. His wife is also
trained but the children lead normal lives and will be held eventually as
hostages. The internal fittings of the dacha are prepared very thoroughly and
carefully. From the first day the candidate becomes accustomed to the
circumstances in which he will be living and working probably for many long
years. In this connection he wears the clothes and shoes, and eats the food,
even smokes cigarettes and uses razor blades procured from overseas. In each
room a tape recorder is installed which runs twenty-four hours a day while he
is occupying the dacha. These tape recorders continuously broadcast news from
the radio programmes of his target country. From the first day of his training
he is supplied with the majority of papers and magazines. He sees many films
and descriptions on video tapes of television broadcasts. The instructors, for
the most part former illegals, read the same papers and listen to the same
radio programmes and spend their time asking their pupil the most difficult
questions imaginable with regard to what has been read. It is quite obvious
that after a number of years of such training, the future illegal knows by
heart the composition of every football team, the hours of work of every
restaurant and nightclub, the weather forecasts and everything that is going on
in the realm of gossip as well as current affairs, in a country where he has
never been in his life. The instructional programme is tailor-made for each
trainee, giving due consideration to his knowledge, character and the tasks
which he will be called upon to perform in the future. Attention is obviously
paid to the study of the language of the target country, to working methods and
to a cover story.
Often, the illegal's wife also undergoes training. She as a rule works
as the radio operator. The posting of a husband and wife together, leaving
their children behind as hostages, is a very frequent occurrence. It is
considered that maternal feelings are much the stronger and, with the wife
posted, hostages are that much more effective. Perhaps more surprisingly, the
wife also acts as a control for the GRU on her husband. She scrutinises his
behaviour and sometimes may warn the GRU about his excessive interest in women
or alcohol. On their return to the Soviet Union, husband and wife are subjected
to a detailed individual debriefing on all aspects of their life abroad. If the
husband and wife have decided to keep something secret from the GRU, their
stories will eventually differ.
After as much as three or four years of intensive training, the illegal
passes a state commission of top GRU and Central Committee personnel, and goes
abroad. Usually his journey to the target country is effected through a number
of intermediary countries. For example, a journey to the USA would go from the
Soviet Union to Hungary to Yugoslavia to Cyprus, Kuwait, Hong Kong and Hawaii.
At each stage, or most of them, he destroys documents with which he has entered
the country and goes on under new documentation which has been prepared for
him, either by other illegals or by the residencies under cover. The illegal
will find these documents in a reserved hotel or a steamship cabin or in a
letter through the post. At each stage he goes on to another cover story,
becoming another man. He may have to live in one place for some months and
study it so he can use his knowledge of the country in future cover stories. He
does not stop over at all in some of the countries, only using his visit to
cover his tracks. After some months he arrives at the country where he is to
work. The first thing he does is to visit the city where he is supposed to have
been born, gone to school, and married. He gets a job and works for a time,
after which he returns to the Soviet Union, having finished the second stage of
his training — the illegal probationary period abroad. This probationary
period is divided as a rule into one or two years, after which the third stage
begins. On the basis of the experience he has gained, and the shortcomings
which have come to light in the training, the illegal and his instructors work
out a programme of training for a period which lasts another one or two years.
After this he again undergoes state examinations, at which the head of the GRU
or his first deputy have to be present. Then the illegal is placed at the
disposal of one of the heads of directorates and again commences the operation
for his roundabout journey to the target country. For operational purposes
(though not for instructional purposes) much use is made of Finland as a window
to the West. In the course of his operational journey, the illegal's stay in
one of the intermediate countries may continue for several years. This stage
goes by the name of the 'intermediate legalisation'. To take the case of an
illegal whose target destination is Washington: he might pretend to be a
refugee from Hungary escaped in 1956; this would mean periods of residence in
Hungary to begin with, then Austria and Germany before he arrives finally in
America. An eventual French illegal would be likely to make the journey via
Armenia and Lebanon. Both would consolidate their nationality every step of the
way. In the course of the 'intermediate legalisation', the illegal endeavours
to acquire as many friends as possible, to go to work, to get hold of genuine
papers and character and work references. At the end of these years of
preparation, he at last appears in the country where he is to spend so many
more years endeavouring to do it as much harm as possible.
The minimum age of an illegal clearly cannot be less than twenty-seven
to twenty-nine, but usually he is older, on average about forty. This age suits
the GRU very well for a number of reasons. A man of forty has a balanced,
conservative approach to life. The stormy passions of youth have disappeared
and he is less inclined to take ill-considered decisions, especially if he ever
suffers the dilemma of whether to continue working or to go to the police. His
children are sufficiently old to be able to live without their parents in the
complete care of the GRU, but not old enough to live independently, and so they
are ideal hostages. And in the event of mobilisation in the target country, he
may well be able to avoid being called up for the army which would mean the
breaking-off of relations and an end to his active working life.
On his arrival at his objective, the illegal sets about basic
legalisation. He has been provided with good papers by the best forgers of the
GRU on genuine blank passports. At the same time he is extremely vulnerable if
he is not registered with the police or the tax departments. Any check may give
him away and for this reason he endeavours to change jobs and places of work
often to get his name onto as many company lists as he can and to acquire
character references signed by real people. The ideal solution is for him to
obtain new documentation from the police department under some pretext or
another. Often he will marry another agent (who may already be his wife); she
will then be given a genuine passport, and he will 'lose' his false one to have
it replaced with a real one on the production of his wife's genuine document.
The acquisition of a driving licence, credit cards, membership documents of
clubs and associations are a vital element in 'legalising' the status of an
illegal.
A vital role in the lives of illegals is played by cover stories, in
other words concocted life stories. The basic or ground cover story is created
on the basis of real events in the life of the illegal, only changing a few
details. He keeps the date of his birth but of course changes the place of his
birth. The dates of birth of his parents and relatives are also accurately
recorded, usually along with the professions of his parents, dates of weddings
and other details. The illegal is thus not telling an out-and-out lie but only
a half-truth. He will not bat an eyelid when he tells you that his father
served all his life in the army. The only thing is that he will not tell you in
which army he served.
There is also the emergency cover story, which is the last line of
defence of the illegal on having been arrested by the police. As its name
suggests, this cover story is only to be used as a last resort when the illegal
perceives that the police no longer believe his basic cover story. Designed to
be used only when the illegal is in the hands of the police department, it is
concocted in such a way that the details it gives should be impossible to
check. For example, one illegal was arrested by the police while he was trying
to obtain a new driving licence because a mistake had been found in his old
one. He was subjected to questioning, as a result of which his basic cover story
was found to be inaccurate. Then he went over to his emergency cover story and
informed the police that he was a Polish criminal who had escaped from prison
and bought a passport on the black market. During this time the GRU, not having
received from the illegal his routine communications, informed the Polish
authorities about the 'criminal'. The Poles published photographs of the
criminal and applied to a number of countries for his extradition. However
strange it may seem, the police believed the story and handed him over to the
Polish Consul. It would have been easy to break the emergency cover story, if
the police had only thought to invite a real Polish immigrant for a ten-minute
chat with his supposed fellow countryman. Of course he would not have known
more than ten words of the language. But for the police it was sufficient that
he spoke their language and did not object to being handed over to the Polish
Consul.
No less important than the cover story is the cover or the place of work
and the type of employment which the illegal takes up in his life overseas.
Soviet propaganda paints a grave picture of the intelligence officer playing
the role of a colonel in the enemy general staff. But this is pure
disinformation. Such a cover is unacceptable to an illegal for a number of
reasons. Firstly, he must keep himself away from counter-intelligence and the
police. He must be a grey, inconspicuous 'man in the street' such as millions
would hurry past without noticing. Any officer on any Western general staff is
continuously under scrutiny. Secondly, he must be professional in his field. In
the general staff he would be exposed almost immediately. Thirdly, for such a
cover his legalisation would have to be unacceptably protracted. He would
certainly be asked about the military schools and academies where he is
supposed to have been, the regiments in which he has served, and his
acquaintances among the officers and staff. Fourthly, an illegal needs plenty
of time and opportunity to meet whoever he wants to meet. If a colonel on the
general staff consorted with prostitutes, homosexuals, stockbrokers, atomic
submarine workers and bootblacks — all those multifarious people he needs
to cultivate — he would be exposed within forty-eight hours. Finally, and
perhaps most importantly, the requirements of the GRU change with great
rapidity. Today they are interested in documents from a certain department of
the general staff and tomorrow from another. But our illegal is working in yet
another department and all his attempts to have talks with officers of the
first two departments have been met with a blank wall or cold suspicion. No,
the kind of cover offered by such a role is neither feasible nor a great deal
of use.
Much better for him to be an independent journalist like Richard Sorge,
or an independent artist like Rudolph Abel, coming and going as he pleases.
Today he is talking with the Prime Minister, tomorrow with prostitutes, the
next day with professional killers and then with atomic weapon workers. If he
doesn't want to work for three months, there is no problem. If he gets many
thousands of dollars through the post, again no problem. It is part of his
cover. There are better, of course. A garage owner, for example. He hires his
staff and himself goes wherever he wants and for as long as he wants, or he
stands at the window and takes the money. Thousands of people pass him every
day -ballerinas and artists, senators and scientists — and colonels of the
general staff. To one he gives money and instructions written in secret
writing, from another he receives reports. For the basic task of the illegal is
not himself to penetrate secret targets, but to recruit agents for this
purpose. This is his raison d'etre.
***
An illegal residency is an intelligence organisation comprising a
minimum of two illegals, usually the resident and a wireless operator, and a
small number of agents (at least one) working for them. We already know that
illegals themselves, without agents, are not able to obtain anything.
Gradually, as a result of recruiting new agents, the residency may increase in
size. More illegals may be sent out to the resident, one of whom may become his
assistant. The GRU considers it counter- productive to have large residencies.
Five illegals and eight to ten agents are considered the maximum, but usually
the residencies are much smaller than this. In cases where the recruitment of
new agents has gone well the GRU prudently divides the residency in two parts.
Thereafter any contact between the two new residencies is of course forbidden,
»o that if one residency is discovered the other does not suffer.
Chapter
Two
The
Undercover Residency
The undercover residency is one of the basic forms of intelligence
set-up for the GRU abroad. (It should be remembered that the undercover
residency and the illegal residency are completely separate entities.) In every
country where official Soviet representation exists there is a GRU undercover
residency. It exists in parallel with, and is analogous to, the KGB undercover
residency. Thus every overseas Soviet colony is invisibly divided into three
organisations: the 'clean ones', that is the genuine diplomats and
correspondents, and the representatives of external trade, civil airlines, the
merchant navy, and Intourist, headed by the ambassador; the undercover
residency of the GRU; and the undercover residency of the KGB.
Very often, the 'clean' personnel make no distinction between the KGB
and the GRU and call them both dirty, 'savages', 'Vikings' or 'neighbours'. The
more enlightened staff, like for example the ambassador, his senior diplomats
and the more observant people, understand the difference between the two
organisations, dividing them up as close neighbours (the KGB), who continually
meddle in the day-to-day affairs of each person in the colony, and distant
neighbours who take absolutely no interest at all in the day-to-day life of the
Soviet colony (the GRU).
For the GRU undercover residency lives a secluded and isolated life. It
contains significantly fewer employees than either of the other organisations.
Normally in Soviet colonies up to 40 per cent of the people may be considered
in the 'clean' category. (This of course does not prevent the majority of them,
to a greater or lesser extent, from co- operation with both the KGB and the
GRU; but they are not to be considered as professional intelligence officers.)
Up to 40 or 45 per cent are officers of the KGB and only 15 to 20 per cent, in
rare cases up to 25 per cent, are officers of the GRU. This does not however
mean that the intelligence potential of the GRU apparatus is less than that of
the KGB. The larger part of the KGB personnel is occupied with questions of
security, that is with the collection of compromising material on Soviet
people, 'clean' people including the ambassador, and their own colleagues in
the KGB who have contact with foreigners and frequently with officers of the
GRU. Only a small proportion, in optimum cases half of the KGB personnel, are
working against foreigners. The GRU, on the other hand, directs its entire
potential against foreigners. When one adds to this the unequalled financial
power of the GRU, vastly in excess of that of the KGB, it becomes clear why the
most outstanding operations of Soviet intelligence have been mounted not by the
KGB but by the GRU.
The minimum number of staff for any GRU undercover residency is
two — the resident and a combined radio/cipher officer. Such a theoretical
minimum exists also for the other organisations, the KGB and the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs. Theoretically the Soviet colony in a very small country may
consist of six people, three of whom, the ambassador and two residents, are
diplomats, and the other three radio/cipher officers. Each of the three
branches of the Soviet colony has its own enciphering machine and completely
independent channel of communication with Moscow. Equally, each has its own
boss in Moscow—the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the chairman of the KGB or the
head of the GRU. Supreme arbitration between them can only be carried out in the
Central Committee, which in its turn has an interest in fanning the flames of
discord between the three organisations. The Central Committee has the right to
recall any ambassador or resident and this same Central Committee has to decide
questions as to which slots, and how many, should be accorded to each of the
three organisations. This is a difficult task, as the Committee must not offend
the KGB on questions of security, on the shadowing of its own diplomats above
all, nor must it offend the GRU, for without the acquisition of data on
present-day technology the quality of the Soviet Army would remain static.
Finally it must not offend the 'clean ones'. They also must have a sufficient
complement to serve as a screen for the dark activities of the two residencies.
This is why Soviet embassies, consulates, trade representations and so
on grow and multiply and swell. As the residency grows, the resident acquires
several deputies in place of the one he had at first. The number of
radio/cipher officers increases. A technical services group is organised, an
operational group, a tech-ops group, a radio monitoring station on the networks
of the police and counter-intelligence. The number of operational officers
engaged directly in recruiting and running agents increases. In the very
biggest residencies of the GRU, such as that in New York, there may be from
seventy to eighty officers. Medium-sized residencies like that in Rome would
contain between thirty and forty officers. All officers on the staff of a residency
are divided into three categories — operational staff,
technical-operational staff and technical staff. The operational staff are
those officers who are directly concerned with recruiting and running agents.
In the operational staff are included residents, deputy residents and
operational officers. To the technical- operations staff belong those officers
who are directly concerned with and responsible for the production of
intelligence, but who do not have personal contact with agents, nor often with
foreigners at all. These are radio/cipher officers, officers of the technical
services and operational technical services and the operators of the radio
monitoring post. To the technical staff belong chauffeurs, guards and
accountants.
The Resident
He is the senior representative of the GRU in any given place, and
answerable only to the head of the GRU and the Central Committee. He is the
boss of all GRU officers and has the right to send any of them, including his
own deputies, out of the country immediately. In this case he does not even
have to justify his decision, even in front of the head of the GRU and the
Central Committee. The resident is completely responsible for security, both as
regards the work of each of his individual officers and recruited agents, and
the security of the residency as a whole. He is chosen from among the most
experienced officers and as a rule must have a minimum of three to five years
of successful work as an operational officer and three to five years as the
deputy resident before his appointment. A resident in a large residency will
hold the military rank of major-general, in medium and small residencies that
of colonel. This does not mean that a lieutenant-colonel cannot be appointed
resident, but then, according to the GRU system, he will be paid a full
colonel's or major-general's salary and, if he copes successfully, will have to
fill posts commensurate with the higher rank. He is not afterwards permitted to
return to a post ordinarily filled by a lieutenant-colonel.
The deputy resident serves as the resident's assistant and assumes his
responsibilities when he is absent. He undertakes the duties given to him by
the resident and carries on recruiting work in the same way as all other
operational officers. Frequently a deputy resident heads teams of officers
working in one or another specialised field. Sometimes the resident himself
supervises the most experienced operational officers and the deputy residents
the younger, less experienced officers. In some very large residencies, and
also sometimes where there is great activity on the part of GRU illegals, there
is a post called deputy resident for illegals. The undercover residency and the
illegal residency are completely separate and the undercover residency has no
idea how many illegals there are, or where or how they work. At the same time,
on instructions from the Centre, the undercover residency continually gives
them help and support, placing money and passports in dead-letter boxes,
emptying dead-letter boxes for them, studying conditions and clarifying certain
important questions. Very often the undercover residency is used to rescue
illegals.
The military rank of any deputy resident is full colonel. At the same
time the same rules apply as apply to residents. The deputy resident may be a
lieutenant-colonel or even a major; however, from the administrative and
financial points of view he is a full colonel with full rights.
The Operational Officer
This is a GRU officer who carries out the recruitment of agents, runs
them and through them receives or acquires the secret documents and samples of
weaponry and military technology. Every operational officer from the moment of
his arrival in the country is obliged to recruit a minimum of one agent, as
well as often having to take charge of one or two other secret agents who have
previously been recruited by his predecessors. He must keep these agents and
increase their productivity. An identical burden is placed on the deputy
resident at the same time as he is fulfilling the obligations of a deputy. This
system is applied in all small residencies. In medium-sized residencies, the
resident himself may take a direct interest in recruitment or not as he wishes.
The residents of very large residencies are exempted from personal recruitment.
Alongside his recruitment work, the operational officer carries on with
the acquisition of intelligence material by all possible means. He converses
with foreigners, travels around the country and reads the press avidly.
However, the GRU's over-riding view is that recruitment work is the most
important part of an officer's duty, and it calls it number one (in addition to
certain other colloquial words). All other work- support and the performing of
operations for others, however important- is known as zero. One may be added to
zero if a 'zero' agent manages to recruit a foreigner, in which case he becomes
a '10', which is clearly the best number to be. For this reason an operational
officer who has been abroad for three years and not recruited a single agent,
even if he has achieved outstanding success in collecting the most interesting
intelligence material, is considered to be idle. According to the standards of
the GRU, he has sat for three years doing absolutely nothing and therefore
hardly merits consideration for another overseas posting.
The military rank of an operational officer is lieutenant-colonel or
colonel but in practice he may be a major (as I was) or captain, or even a
senior lieutenant. If he is successful in his recruitment work he stays on at
this level receiving automatic promotion according to the length of time
served. If he does not manage to recruit any agents, he is deprived of all his
colonel's privileges and again becomes an ordinary senior lieutenant or captain
and has to compete for promotion in the ordinary way, as automatic promotion is
not granted to unsuccessful officers.
The military ranks prescribed for undercover residencies are also
applicable for illegal residencies, with the sole difference that the illegal
resident may be a major-general having many fewer people under his command than
the resident of the undercover residency.
The Radio/Cipher Officer
Although he is an officer of technical operational staff, and his
military rank is not usually higher than that of major, the radio/ cipher
officer is the second most important person in the residency. He is not only
responsible for cipher matters, the storage and use of ciphers and cipher
machines, but also for the transmission and reception of enciphered cables and
the storage of all secret documentation in the residency. The radio/cipher
officer possesses all the secrets of the residency and since he deciphers
communications from Moscow he knows the news even earlier than the resident.
Nobody, including the ambassador and the KGB resident, at any time or under any
pretext has the right of access to his room. They do not even have the right to
know the number and types of cipher machines installed there. These
restrictions also apply to GRU deputy residents. Even during periods when the
resident is away and the deputy resident is acting for him he does not have the
right to go into the radio/cipher operator's room or to ask him any specific
questions which have a bearing on his work. Only the resident may exercise any
control over the cipher officer, and he pays for the privilege because the
cipher officer is the only man in the residency who is entitled to communicate
with Moscow without the knowledge of the resident. He can send a cable
containing an adverse report about the resident of which the resident himself
will know nothing. It is the duty of the cipher officer to exercise silent
watch over the behaviour of the resident, and if there is any shortcoming he
must report it. In small residencies, where there is only one radio/cipher
officer, only the resident may replace him should he become incapacitated for
any reason. If both the resident and the cipher officer should become
incapacitated at the same time then the deputy resident and the whole residency
will remain completely cut off from the Centre. Naturally the ambassador's and
the KGB's channels of communication can be used, but only in order to inform
the GRU in a very general way. It is natural therefore that great care is taken
of cipher officers (this is just as true of the KGB as the GRU). Draconian
living conditions are imposed on all cipher officers. They are only allowed to
live in official Soviet embassy accommodation guarded around the clock. Neither
the cipher officer nor his wife is allowed to leave the guarded territory
independently or unaccompanied. They are at all times led by an officer who
enjoys diplomatic immunity. Neither the officer nor his wife is allowed near
places where foreigners are to be found. Even if these foreigners are
Bulgarians or Mongolians and are on guarded territory belonging to a Soviet
embassy, the restriction remains in force. The cipher officer is not allowed in
the same room with them even though he may be silent and in the company of his
resident. He and his family must have a diplomatic escort on their journey out
from the Soviet Union and on their return. During the time of his assignment
abroad, he is forbidden all leave. It is easy to see why cipher officers are
not posted abroad for longer than two years.
Of course those cipher officers who have served their whole lives on the
territory of the Soviet Union deeply envy those who have had postings abroad,
no matter where; and those who have been abroad will give their right arms to
get another posting abroad, no matter where — Calcutta, Shanghai or
Beirut. They will agree to any conditions, any climate, any restrictions on
their family lives, for they have learnt with their mother's milk the rule that
overseas life is always better than in the Soviet Union.
Technical Services (TS) Officer
They are concerned with electronic intelligence from the premises of
official Soviet premises, embassies, consulates, and so on. Basic targets are
the telecommunications apparatus of the government, diplomatic wireless
communications, and military channels of communication. By monitoring radio
transmissions, secret and cipher, technical services groups not only obtain
interesting information but also cover the system of governmental
communications, subordination of the different components of the state and the
military structure.
The military ranks of technical services officers are major and
lieutenant- colonel.
Radio Monitoring Station Officers
In contradistinction to TS officers, these are concerned with monitoring
the radio networks of the police and security services. The technical services
and the radio monitoring station are two different groups, independent of each
other, both controlled by the resident. The difference between them is that the
technical services work in the interests of the Centre, trying to obtain state
secrets, but the monitoring station works only in the interests of the
residency trying to determine where in the city police activity is at its
highest at a given moment and thus where operations may be mounted and where
they should not be mounted. Groups for the study of operational conditions are
made up of the most junior officers who will eventually become operational
officers arid be sent out on independent recruitment work. These are small
groups who continually study the local press and police activities,
endeavouring to obtain by means of isolated snippets a general picture of the
police work in a given city and country. Besides their scanning of police
reports for an ultimate overview, they also minutely study and analyse, for
example, the numbers of police vehicles which appear in newspaper pictures or
the surnames of police officers and detectives. Sometimes this painstaking work
brings unexpected results. In one country a keen journalist on a small newspaper
reported a police plan to install secret television cameras in order to survey
the most highly populated parts of the city; this was enough for the GRU to
become interested and to take corresponding measures. Within a month the GRU
resident was able to say with conviction that he was fully informed with regard
to the police system of control by television and this enabled the whole
residency successfully to avoid traps laid for them for several years. The
military ranks of officers of these groups are senior lieutenant and captain.
The Operationa] Technical Group
This is concerned with the repair and maintenance of photographic
apparatus, photocopying equipment and the like. At the disposal of the group
there are dead-letter boxes of all types, radio transmission stations, SW
(secret writing) materials, microphoto-graphy and micropantography. The
officers of this group are always on hand to give the necessary explanations to
operational officers and to instruct them on the use of this or that instrument
or method. These officers continually monitor television programmes and collect
useful items on video tape, giving to Moscow material it could not get from any
other source. The officers of the group, together with the officers of the
group for the study of operational conditions, are widely used for the security
of agent operations, the carrying out of counter-surveillance, signals
organisation, dead-letter box operations and so on.
Technical Personnel
Only the very largest residencies contain technical personnel. Drivers
are only allocated to residents who hold the rank of general. However, many
generals, in an effort to be indistinguishable from other diplomats, dispense
with the services of drivers. The military rank of a driver is an ensign.
However, sometimes an operational officer is to be found in the guise of a
driver and he, of course, has a much superior rank. This is a widespread method
of deception, for who would pay attention to a driver?
Some residencies, especially those in countries where attacks on the
embassy cannot be excluded, have a staff of guards besides the KGB guards who
are responsible for the external protection of the building. The GRU internal
security guards consist of young Spetsnaz officers in the rank of lieutenant or
senior lieutenant. The internal security guards of the residency may be
deployed at the request of the resident in countries where KGB attempts to
penetrate the GRU get out of hand. The internal security guards answer directly
to the resident or his deputy. Naturally they do not take part in agent
handling operations.
An accountant, in the rank of captain or major, is employed only in
those residencies where the normal monthly budget exceeds one million dollars.
In other cases the financial affairs are the concern of one of the deputy
residents.
***
In our examination of the undercover residency, we have naturally to
examine its cover, the official duties used by KGB and GRU officers to
camouflage their secret activities. Without exaggeration it may be said that
any official duty given to Soviet citizens abroad may be used to mask officers
of intelligence organisations: as ambassadors and drivers, consuls and guards,
dancers, writers, artists, simple tourists, guides and stewardesses, heads of
delegations and simple section heads, UN employees and priests, intelligence
officers conceal their true functions. Any person who has the right of official
entry and exit from the Soviet Union may be used for intelligence tasks, and
the vast majority of these are in fact only occupied in intelligence work. Some
types of cover provide better possibilities, some worse. Some are used more by
the GRU, some more by the KGB. Let us look at the basic ones.
The embassy is used to an equal extent by both organisations. Both
residents and their deputies are in possession of massive amounts of
information which would expose them to an un-acceptably high risk of arrest.
For this reason the KGB resident and his colleague from the GRU, and usually
their deputies too, are bearers of diplomatic passports, that is, they work
officially in the embassies. Other officers of both organisations give
themselves out as embassy diplomats too. They all prefer to concern themselves
with technological and scientific questions, and questions of transport and communications;
they are rarely found in cultural sections. The consulate is entirely KGB. You
will almost never find officers of the GRU there and only very rarely genuine
diplomats. This is because all exit and entry from and to the Soviet Union is
in the hands of the KGB. KGB officers in the consulate issue visas, and the
frontier forces of the KGB then control them later on. Every aspect of
immigration and of flight and defection has some connection with consular
affairs, which therefore rank extremely high in the KGB's sphere of interest.
So it follows that the percentage of KGB officers in consulates is unusually
high, even by Soviet standards. (There do exist very rare instances of GRU
officers working in consulates. The KGB only agrees to this on the grounds of
practical considerations, and so that it should not appear to be too one- sided
an organisation.)
Aeroflot, the Soviet civil airline, is the exclusive domain of the GRU.
This can be explained by the fact that aviation technology is of extreme interest
to the Soviet armaments industry, and there is huge scope for any Aeroflot
employee to inform himself about the progress of the West: international
exhibitions, meetings with representatives of the leading aviation and space
corporations, perfectly justifiable meetings with representatives of firms
producing aviation electronics, oils, lubricants, fuels, high-tension
materials, heat isolators and aero-engines. Usually the firms which produce
civil aircraft also produce military aircraft and rockets, and in this field
lie the GRU's richest pickings. Happily, those officers whom the GRU selects at
advanced aviation institutes for work in Aeroflot do not need lengthy
specialist instruction. Sometimes Soviet military and civil aircraft have
identical parts. KGB officers are only rarely employed at Aeroflot, and then
for the same reasons as the GRU in consular affairs. The merchant navy is
almost identical, the only difference being that the officers there are
selected to study cruisers and submarines and not strategic aviation. An
organisation of exceptional importance to both services is the Trade
Representation, that is the organ of the Ministry of External Trade. Literally
swarming with KGB and GRU officers, this organisation provides exceptional
access to business people whom both strive to exploit for their own ends.
Representation in Tass,
Intourist is in the KGB's hands, so much so that it is not just an
organisation strongly influenced by the KGB, but an actual branch of the KGB.
Beginning with the construction of hotels and the putting of advertisements in
the papers, and ending with the recruitment of foreigners in those same hotels,
it is all run entirely by the KGB. GRU officers are found in Intourist, but
rarely. There does exist, however, one rule which admits of no exceptions.
Anything to do with the military attaches is staffed exclusively by officers of
the GRU. Here there are no genuine diplomats, nor KGB. The naval, military and
air attaches are regarded by the GRU as its particular brand of cover. In the
West one is accustomed to see in these people not spies but military diplomats,
and one assumes that this has spread to one's Soviet colleagues. This deep
misapprehension is fully exploited by the GRU. Whenever you talk to a Soviet
military attache, remember always that before you stands at the very least an
operational officer of an undercover residency who is faced with the problem of
recruiting foreigners and who, if he does not recruit a single foreigner, sees
all his other work become insignificant and all his hopes of a shining career
crash to the ground. Look into his eyes and ask him how much longer he has to
serve in this hospitable country and if in his answer you perceive a note of
anguish, then be on your guard, for he will recruit you if he can. But perhaps
he is happy with life and his eyes express pleasure. This means he has
recruited one of your fellow- countrymen. Possibly there even stands in front
of you a deputy resident or the GRU resident himself. Fear him and be careful
of him. He is dangerous. He is experienced and cunning like an old hand should
be. This is not his first time abroad, and that means he has already chalked up
a significant number of successful recruits.
***
Every GRU officer in an undercover residency, whatever his official
duties may be, and under whatever cover he masquerades, has his place in the
general structure of the secret hierarchy. What we see in daily life is only
the performance the GRU wishes to show us. Internal relations in an undercover
residency have no bearing whatsoever on external, official ranks. Military
ranks play an insignificant role. The important role is the actual job of the
officer in the residency. There have been cases where residents with an eye to
cover have occupied completely insignificant posts within embassies. At the
same time the resident remains the resident and his authority is unshakeable.
Within the residency he remains the strict, tyrannical, frequently wilful boss
who during his briefings will frequently attack the military attaches —
even though in his life as seen by the outside world he plays the part of
doorman for those same attaches. The second most important person, the deputy
resident, may only be a lieutenant-colonel with operational officers who are
colonels but this does not prevent him from talking to them as he would to
captains or lieutenants. They are only operational officers, while the GRU has
decreed that he, a lieutenant-colonel, is better than them, full colonels
though they may be, and has given him full powers to dispose of them and order
them about. Official cover again plays absolutely no part. An operational
officer may assume the official duty of assistant to a military attache or
military attache himself, but still have the deputy resident as his own
personal driver. The deputy resident is no way suffers from this. His situation
is analogous to that of the Sicilian waiter who, off duty, is senior in rank to
the restaurant owner within the Mafia hierarchy.
All operational officers are legal equals, from senior lieutenants to
full colonels. Their seniority in the residency, however, is established by the
resident exclusively on the basis of the quantity and quality of their
recruitments. Recruitment work is the sole criterion for all GRU officers,
regardless of age, rank or official duties. Their relations with each other in
the residency might be compared with the relationships existing between fighter
pilots in time of war. They also, in their own circle, pay little attention to
length of service or military rank. Their criterion of respect for a man is the
number of enemy aircraft he has shot down, and a lieutenant who has shot down
ten aircraft may patronisingly slap on the shoulder a major who has not shot
down a single aircraft. The attitude of the operational staff engaged in
recruitment work to other officers may be summed up by comparison with the
attitude of the fliers and the ground staff at a fighter base: 'I fly in the
sky and you shovel shit.' The only exception to this attitude is the
radio/cipher officer, to whom all show the greatest respect, because he knows
much more about intelligence matters concerning the residency than the deputy
resident.
***
Let us take a typically large residency as an example and examine it.
Everything is factual. The resident is a Major-General A and his official cover
(relatively unimportant), is First Secretary, Embassy. Directly beneath him are
a group of five radio/cipher officers, three very experienced operational
officers (one of whom runs an agent group, and two others who run especially
valuable agent-sources), and four deputy residents. They are:
Colonel B, cover Deputy Trade Representative. He has twelve GRU officers
below him, all working in the Trade Representation. He is in contact with one
agent. One of his officers runs an agent group of three agents. Another is in
contact with two agents and a third officer has one agent. The remaining
officers have as yet no agents.
Lt-Colonel C, cover Assistant to the Naval Attache. He has many
operational officers beneath him, two of whom work in the Merchant Navy
Representation, three in Aeroflot, five in the Embassy and ten in the
departments of the Military, Naval and Air Attaches. All three of the military
departments are considered to be a diplomatic unit independent from each other
and from the Embassy. However, in this case, all officers entering the three
military departments including the three attaches are beneath one assistant
military attache. The deputy resident is in contact with one agent. Twelve
other operational officers subordinate to him have one agent each. The
remainder have acquaintances who are to be recruited within one to two years.
In addition to his agent-running work, this deputy resident is responsible for
information work in the whole residency.
Colonel D, cover First Secretary, Embassy (deputy resident for
illegals). This deputy resident has no agent and does not carry out recruitment
work. He has no officers beneath him, but when he is carrying out operations in
the interests of illegals, he can make use of any of the best officers of the
first and second groups.
Lt-Colonel E, cover Second Secretary, Embassy. He is in contact with one
agent. One operational officer is subordinate to him, disguised as the military
attache's driver, and this officer runs an agent group. In addition, this
deputy resident controls the following: one technical service group (six
officers), one group for the study of operational conditions (four officers),
one group of operational technique (two officers), the radio monitoring station
(three officers), five officers of the internal security guards for the
residency and one accounts officer.
***
In all there are sixty-seven officers in the residency, of whom
forty-one are operational staff, twenty operational technological staff and six
technical staff. The residency has thirty-six agents, of whom twenty-five work
independently of each other.
In some cases part of the undercover residency, under the command of one
of the deputy residents, functions in another city permanently detached from
the basic forces of the main residency. This is true, for example, of Holland,
where the undercover residency is located in The Hague but part of the
residency is in Amsterdam. Such an arrangement complicates work to a
considerable degree but in the opinion of the GRU it is better to have two
small residencies than one big one. In this case any failure in one of the
residencies does not reflect on the activities of the other. Everywhere it is
possible, the GRU endeavours to organise new, independent residencies. For this
it has to observe two basic conditions: the presence of official Soviet
diplomatic representation — an embassy, consulate, military attache's
department, military communications mission or a permanent UN mission; and the
presence of an officially registered radio station in direct contact with
Moscow. Where these two conditions obtain, residencies can be quickly
organised, even the very smallest possible, consisting of two men but
independent and self-contained.
Apart from the security angle, this practice also ensures parallelism,
as the GRU can control one resident by means of another. Such possibilities are
open to Soviet intelligence in many countries. For example, in Paris there is
one of the most expansionist undercover residencies of the GRU. Independent of
it in Marseilles there is another, smaller residency. Their performance is
vastly enhanced by the fierce competition between them. In West Germany the GRU
has been able to create five residencies. Wherever there is official Soviet
diplomatic representation with radio transmission, there is also an undercover
residency of the GRU. In many cases there is also an undercover residency of
the KGB. But while the residencies of the GRU are organised in any official
mission — civil, military or mixed — those of the KGB are not. In
Marseilles, New York, Amsterdam, Geneva and Montreal the Soviet missions are
clearly civil, and in all these cities there are undercover residencies of both
KGB and GRU. But where the mission is clearly military, as for example the
Soviet observation mission in West Germany, the KGB may not have a residency.
This also applies to the numerous missions of Soviet military advisers in
developing countries. The KGB presence there is only for the maintenance of
security among the genuine military advisers.
In speaking about the undercover residency we must not forget to mention
another category of people participating in espionage activities —
co-opted personnel. These are Soviet citizens abroad who are not officers of
the GRU or the KGB, but fulfil a number of tasks set them by these
organisations. The co-opted person may be of any rank from doorman to
ambassador and he carries out very different tasks, from studies of the
foreigners surrounding him to clearing dead-letter boxes. The KGB has always
been interested in the exploitation of co-opted persons; following the
principle of 'don't stick your own neck out if you can get somebody else to
stick it out for you'. The GRU is not so keen, using co-opted persons only in
exceptional cases. Its guiding principle is: 'don't trust even your best friend
with your motor car, girlfriend — or agent'. The rewards for a co-opted
person are monetary ones which, unlike the basic salary, are not subject to
tax. Usually in every embassy, consulate and trade representation, out of every
ten 'clean' officials, seven are co-opted onto the KGB staff, one onto the GRU
staff; only the remaining two are clean. Either they are complete idiots, or
the sons of members of the Central Committee whom wild horses could not force
to have anything to do with intelligence. In other words, in Soviet official
institutions, it is a very, very tricky matter indeed to meet a man who has no
connections with intelligence.
Chapter
Three
Agents
In present-day Soviet intelligence terminology the term 'agent' has only
one meaning. An agent is a foreigner recruited by Soviet intelligence and
carrying out secret tasks on its behalf. All agents, irrespective of the group
or section of the GRU to which they belong, are divided into two groups: the
basic agent and the supplementary agent. Basic agents fall into four
categories: they are residents or group leaders; they are providers of
information; they are executive agents whose main task is to kill; or they are
recruiting agents. In the supplementary group are wireless operators,
legalising agents, documentalists, the owners of safe houses, addresses,
telephones and radio transmission points.
Head Agents
Head agents are the leaders of agent groups and agent residents. Head
agents are selected from the most experienced agents available, men and women
who have had long years of service and have given proof of their devotion to
duty. They are invested with wide powers and possess significant financial
independence. In cases where the organisation entrusted to them collapses, the
head agent must take the decision to do away with unwanted people who pose a
threat to it. In this and other emergencies he can always count on the full
support of the GRU.
The difference between the group leader and the agent resident is that
the group leader may take a whole range of important decisions concerning the
group entrusted to him, but he may not recruit agents at all. The agent
resident has a wider range of interests, the most important being recruitment.
The group leader may be subordinate to the residency, to the illegal,
undercover or agent residency or directly to the Centre, but the agent resident
may only be subordinate to the Centre.
Sources
These are agents who directly obtain secret information, documents or
samples of military technology and weaponry. In the recruitment of such people,
it is first and foremost their access to political, military, technological and
other secrets which is taken into account. It is clearly unnecessary to recruit
an officer from the Ministry of Defence if one can recruit his secretary. In
other words, the GRU has contact with people occupying relatively unimportant
posts but with possibly greater knowledge than their superiors. With this in
mind, apart from secretaries, the people of special interest to the GRU are
workers in printing and typing offices which produce secret documents, cipher
officers, diplomatic couriers, computer operators, communications clerks,
draughtsmen and other technical personnel.
Executive Agents
These are agents recruited to carry out assassinations, diversions or
sabotage. The recruitment of executive agents is not usually carried out by the
central GRU, but by the local organs of the GRU—the military district
departments. Sometimes even strategic intelligence needs similar specialists,
but in smaller number.
Executive agents are recruited from criminal elements and from that band
of naturally brutish characters who, with passing time, become accustomed to
executing any orders they are given. Frequently agents who have been acting as
providers of information are transferred by both the strategic and operational
branches of the GRU to the category of executive agent, in cases where they may
have lost their access.
Agent Recruiters
These are the most devoted and thoroughly tested agents, people who
either never had access or who have lost it. As their name suggests, the GRU
uses them solely for the recruitment of new agents. The most successful will
eventually become group leader or sometimes agent resident.
Agent Legalisers
These are subsidiary agents. They work in the interests of illegals and
as a rule are recruited and run only by illegals. Candidate for this category
of agents are sought among officials of the police land passport departments,
consular clerks, customs and immigration officials, and small employers of
labour. Agent legalisers are subjected to especially thorough vetting, because
the fate of illegals is entrusted to them. When a Soviet illegal arrives in a
country the task of the legalising agent is to ensure the issue of documents by
making the necessary entries in the registration books and to ensure that the
illegal is in possession of the necessary documentation.
In the history of the GRU quite a few priests carrying falsified
documents and registers of baptism and death have given immense service to
illegals who, on the basis of false entries, have been able to obtain the
necessary documents. A similar role to that of the legalising agent is played
by the documentation agents. These are recruited by the undercover residency
and their job is to obtain passports, driving licences and samples of official
police forms. In contradistinction to the legalising agents, documentation
agents do not have any direct contact with illegals. Although they obtain tens
and sometimes hundreds, even thousands of passports, they have no direct
knowledge of how and when the GRU is going to use them. Frequently the GRU uses
the passports obtained through the good offices of documentation agents only as
a sample for the preparation of similar falsified copies. Documentation agents
may be recruited from among criminal classes who are occupied with the forging
and selling of documents on the black market and also from clerks concerned
with the production, inventory, storage and issue of passports. Frequently
documentation agents have successfully worked among poor students, persuading
them, for a financial consideration, to lose their passports.
Couriers
These are supplementary agents engaged in transporting agent materials
over state frontiers. Obviously it is not necessary to employ special couriers
to transport the material into the Soviet Union or its satellites.
The basic flow of agent material which is not subject to particular
suspicion goes from countries with hard regimes into countries with more soft
regimes. In the opinion of the GRU, an opinion fortified by the experience of
many years, the hardest country is Great Britain, followed by France, the
United States, the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium and Holland. As soft
countries the GRU includes Finland, Ireland and Austria among others.
The GRU also makes very wide use of countries of the Third World for
this purpose, and couriers may sometimes make very long journeys before the
material finally arrives in the hands of the GRU. Examples are known of
material obtained in the United States going first to Latin America, then to
Africa and only from Africa being conveyed to the Soviet Union. In recruiting
couriers, the GRU pays particular attention to the drivers and guards of
long-distance trains, commercial travellers and sailors of merchant fleets.
When hi-jacking of aircraft became more frequent and controls at airports
became stricter, the GRU virtually gave up recruiting the crews of airliners.
If it uses these at all, it is only for transporting small-sized non-metallic
objects.
The Owner of a Safe House or Flat
He is a supplementary agent occupying a position of great trust, usually
recruited from among house-owners, concierges and hotel owners, in a word, all
those who possess not one but several flats or dwelling places. The term 'safe
flat' should be understood not only in its generally accepted meaning but also
as a well-equipped cellar, attic, garage or store. For safe flats the GRU
selects quiet secluded places where they may want to be able to hide a man
sometimes for a length of several months; to carry out meetings, briefings and
de-briefings; to change clothes and change appearances; and to hide stolen
materials and photograph stolen documents. The owner of a safe house or flat is
known in the colloquial language of the GRU by the abbreviation 'KK'.
The Safe Address Owner
He is an agent who receives and transmits secret messages for the GRU,
usually recruited from among those people who receive copious correspondence
from abroad; the work is normally restricted to inhabitants of 'soft'
countries. Sources who have obtained information and intelligence in hard
countries send letters in SW to these addresses and the owners transmit the
correspondence to officers of the undercover residency. One interesting aspect
of recruitment is that the GRU prefers middle-aged people who would not be
affected by general mobilisation in the country, so that the chain of
communication is not interrupted.
The possessors of secret telephones and, more recently, teleprinters are
recruited by the same rules applied to the owners of secret addresses. In GRU
language these types of agent networks and their possessors are known by the
abbreviations 'KA', 'KT', 'KTP'.
The owners of transmitting points are used for transmitting agent
materials within the limits of one city or area. Usually they are street
sellers in small kiosks, stalls or paper stalls. An agent who has acquired
intelligence will stop and hand over the material to the owner. Hours later,
sometimes days, GRU officers will visit the stall to collect the material and
hand over money for the agents together with new instructions. This avoids
direct contact between the GRU and the agent. Increased security might mean the
source agent using a dead-letter box which the stall holder will empty, not knowing
who has filled it. The GRU will announce the dead-letter box's whereabouts to
the transmitting point only after it has been filled. A different one will be
used for each operation, and so even if the police discover that the GRU has a
special interest in the small shop or stall and subsequently establishes that
this stall serves as a transmitting point, it will still be very difficult to
discover the source agent. To mount a surveillance operation in the
neighbourhood of the dead-letter box is impossible since the transmitting point
only acquires its location after it has been filled; the agent himself has
disappeared long before. The transmitting point is known by the abbreviation
'PP'.
***
In examining different kinds of agents, people from the free world who
have sold themselves to the GRU, one cannot avoid touching on yet another
category, perhaps the least appealing of all. Officially one is not allowed to
call them agents, and they are not agents in the full sense of being recruited
agents. We are talking about the numerous members of overseas societies of
friendship with the Soviet Union. Officially, all Soviet representatives regard
these parasites with touching feelings of friendship, but privately they call
them 'shit-eaters' ('govnoed'). It is difficult to say where this expression
originated, but it is truly the only name they deserve. The use of this word
has become so firmly entrenched in Soviet embassies that it is impossible to
imagine any other name for these people. A conversation might run as follows:
Today we've got a friendship evening with shit-eaters', or Today we're having
some shit-eaters to dinner. Prepare a suitable menu'.
Officers of both the GRU and the KGB have very much more respect for
their agents than for the shit-eaters. The motives of agents are clear —
an easy life and plenty of money. If you take risks and lose, then no money and
no easy life. To the end of his life the agent will not be able to tear himself
away from this servitude — as is the case in the criminal world. But the
behaviour of the numerous friends of the Soviet Union is utterly
incomprehensible to Soviet people. In the Soviet Union everybody without
exception wishes to be abroad, to go absolutely anywhere, even if only with one
eye to look at Mongolia or Cambodia. Oh! to be abroad, is the cry, led by the
children of Brezhnev, Gromyko and Andropov. When Soviet people want to say that
a thing is outstandingly good, they say, 'Really, this must be foreign.' It
does not matter which country it comes from, or what its quality or age —
it has to be foreign. But suddenly one finds these friends of the Soviet Union,
who enjoy all the fruits of civilisation down to Gillette razor blades, who can
buy anything they want in the shops, even bananas, and yet they praise the
Soviet Union. No, these people are nothing but shit-eaters according to Soviet
intelligence. The contempt felt for them does not prevent the GRU and KGB from
using them whenever they can. They do everything free, and they will even come
to meetings in secure places like the Soviet Embassy.
The recruitment of such people is not recommended by the Central
Committee, but why bother to recruit them when they bring such advantages
without being recruited? The GRU usually makes use of the shit-eaters 'in the
dark', in other words not saying what they are used for or how much they
benefit from their services. They usually ask from them information about their
neighbours, friends, acquaintances, fellow workers and so on. Sometimes one of
them is asked to organise an evening party with one or another of his
acquaintances, after which the GRU thanks him and tells him to forget what has
happened. They are very good people, they forget everything.
Chapter
Four
Agent
Recruiting
Agent recruiting is the most important task of both strategic and
operational intelligence. No real problems can be solved without agent
penetration in basic government, military and technological centres of the
enemy.
In the previous chapter we examined the types of secret agents and also
the various differences between them. It would not be an exaggeration to say
that any citizen of the West, having been recruited by the GRU, may be used
very effectively for intelligence purposes, some for the acquisition of secret
documents, some for assassinating people, and some for the transporting of
agent materials. No citizen of any age and either sex would be idle for long
once he or she fell into the hands of the GRU. Nevertheless, basic importance
is attached to the provider of information. Long experience has persuaded the
GRU that it is essential above all to recruit sources, and only after the GRU
has acquired through these sources all possible material may the source himself
be used for other purposes, as a recruiter, head agent or supplementary agent.
The GRU is convinced that a former source who is now working, for example, as
the owner of a transmitting point will never on his own initiative go to the
police; but the same cannot be said of agents who have never provided secrets
for the GRU, who have not had firm contacts with them. The search for suitable
candidates is implemented at the same time in certain different ways: the
scrupulous collection of information on persons of interest to the GRU
including government institutions for staffs, military bases, design bureaux
and people connected with these targets; the study of all foreigners without
exception who have any contacts at all with officers of the GRU; and the
gradual widening of circles of acquaintances among foreigners. If an operational
officer has a hundred acquaintances, one of these must surely be a potential
provider of information which will be of interest.
A candidate for recruitment must fulfil the following conditions: he
must have agent potential, that is he must be in the position to provide
information of real use to the GRU, either to steal or copy secrets, to
communicate secret information by word of mouth, or to recruit new agents.
There must exist motives by means of which he may be recruited —
displeasure with the regime or other political motives, personal financial
problems, or private motives like a desire for revenge on somebody or secret
crimes which he is trying to hide. It is desirable that he be sympathetic to
communism without being a communist. Communist parties everywhere have been
compromised to a certain extent by their contacts with the KGB and the GRU, and
it is always recommended that agents recruited from communist parties should
leave the party.
After the selection of a candidate for recruitment, the second
stage — tracing and vetting — commences. Details are collected about
the candidate, details which may be obtained through reference books, telephone
directories and the press; the task of obtaining all available information
about the candidate may well be given to other agents. The GRU may equally want
a surveillance on him to collect extra data about his daily life. This process
sometimes gives very gratifying results. Up to now the person himself does not
suspect that the GRU exists and he has had no contact with its representatives,
but it already has a considerable wealth of detail on him. Subsequently the GRU
enters the process of cultivation, which consists in a further definition of
motives which will be used in the actual recruitment of the person. It also
tries to exacerbate his weaknesses: for example, if the man experiences
financial problems, the GRU will endeavour to make them worse. If he is
displeased with the political regime, the GRU will endeavour to turn his
displeasure into hatred. The cultivation process may be carried out after the
establishment of an acquaintanceship with the candidate. The whole process,
from the beginning of the search for a candidate to the completion of a
cultivation period, normally extends for not less than a year; only after this
does actual recruitment take place.
There are two principal methods of recruitment, the gradual approach and
the crash approach. The crash approach is the highest class of agent work. The
GRU may authorise the resident to mount such an operation only if the resident
has been able to provide good arguments for the taking of such a risk. Quite a
few examples are known of recruitment at the first meeting, of course following
the secret cultivation which has gone on for many months. It was in this way
that many American creators of the first atomic bomb were recruited. Their
subsequent argument was that it was as a mark of protest against the bombing of
the Japanese cities that they, on their own initiative, established contact
with Soviet intelligence. However, for some reason they forgot to add that this
contact had been established long before the first experiments with the bomb,
when there was no cause for protest. They also evaded the question as to how
several people, simultaneously and independently from one another, established
contact with the undercover residency of the GRU in Canada, but not with the
undercover residency of the KGB in Mexico, for example.
The crash approach, or 'love at first sight' in GRU jargon, has a number
of irrefutable advantages. Contact with the future agent takes place only once,
instead of at meetings over many months, as is the case with the gradual
approach. After the first contact the newly recruited agent will himself take
action on his own security. He will never talk to his wife, or tell her that he
has a charming friend in the Soviet military attache who is also very
interested in stamp collecting.
In the gradual approach method, this sort of thing happens very, very
often. The candidate has as yet not felt the deadly grip of the GRU, has not
yet understood what it wants from him. He still nourishes his illusions, and
naturally he will not hide his good friendship with such charming people.
However, the gradual approach method, despite its shortcomings, is frequently
used. The fact is that the GRU is not always, indeed not even in the majority
of cases, able to collect a sufficient amount of material about the candidate
without his knowledge to prepare him sufficiently for recruitment. In many cases
it is necessary to establish contact and to use each meeting with the candidate
to study his motives and to carry out vetting and cultivation.
Having established contact, the operational officer tries by every
possible method to avoid 'blowing' the candidate; that is, he tries to hide the
connection from the police, from friends and acquaintances of the man himself,
and also from his own fellow countrymen. The only people who should know
anything about an agent and therefore about candidates for recruitment are the
resident, the deputy resident and of course the cipher officer and the
Centre — nobody else. In order that he should not blow the candidate from
the very first meeting, the operational officer will try to carry out meetings
in secluded restaurants, cafes, bars far from the place where the candidate
lives and far from his place of work. At all costs he will try to avoid the
candidate telephoning him either at home or in the embassy. He will try to
avoid the candidate visiting Soviet official institutions and places where
Soviet people gather together. He will decline invitations to meet the
candidate's family or visit his home. (The particular pretexts I used were that
my office was far too busy, or I was never there, so the candidate would not
ring; at home, I would tell him, there was a small baby who slept badly. Of
course, in order to appear serious, I had to give him the telephone numbers
with my business card.) After the acquaintanceship has ripened, the GRU officer
will try to make every subsequent meeting as interesting and useful as possible
for the candidate. If they exchange postage stamps, then the Soviet, by
apparent mistake or out of friendship, will give the future agent a very
valuable stamp. The officer may then ask for a very innocent and insignificant
favour from the man and pay him very generously for it. During this stage the
most important thing is that the future agent becomes accustomed to being asked
favours and fulfilling them accurately. It does not matter what sort of favours
or services. Maybe he will be asked to accept at his address and forward to the
officers letters ostensibly from his mistress, or to buy a complete set of
telephone directories and give them to the officer as if he did not know how or
where this could be done. By degrees the tasks become more complicated, but the
payment for them grows equally. Perhaps he will be asked to acquire in his name
some works of reference which are not on sale and are distributed only on
signature, or he will be asked to talk about and describe his friends who work
with him. In many cases the actual recruitment proposal is never made, as the
candidate gradually becomes an agent of the GRU without having fully realised
it. He may consider that he is simply doing his business and doing favours for
a good friend. Then, much to his surprise, the man will one day find that all
ways of extricating himself have been cut off, and that he is deeply ensnared
in espionage work. After he has become aware of this for himself, the GRU
informs him what the affair is all about and there begins a new stage. The
tasks become more serious but the payment for them gradually decreases. This is
done on the pretext of his own security. What can he do? Go on strike?
There exists yet another method of recruitment, perhaps the most
effective and secure. This method was worked out by the GRU in the first decade
after the war and seems not to be used by the KGB. It can only be used at
exhibitions and only against the owners of small firms which produce military
material. In spite of the fact that the method has so many limitations,
including the impossibility of recruiting generals and their secretaries, and
equally its complete unacceptability for illegals it does, however, give
positive results. It is very similar to the direct approach, but is distinct
from the classical 'love at first sight' in that a lengthy search for a
candidate, his tracing, vetting and cultivation are absent.
Before the opening of exhibitions of military electronics, armaments and
military technology, ship-building and engine-building conferences, air shows
and so on, hundreds of which take place every year, a scientific delegation
appears at the GRU residency with a list of everything which is essential for
the Soviet military and the armaments industry. The experts of course know that
at the exhibition there will be demonstrations of models whose sale to the
Soviet Union is categorically prohibited. None the less, the delegation will
carry suitcases crammed full of money, with full powers to spend it as they
wish. All expenditure is approved and justified. The examination and
construction of such samples as they have been able to obtain in the Soviet
Union will occupy much more time and money. The delegation visits the
exhibition and looks at the stands of the big corporations only to disguise its
real object. At each of these stands these are several salesmen and guides, any
one or all of which may be from the security services. The delegation is only
really interested in the stands of small firms where the explanations are
carried out by the owner or a director himself. The delegation gets into
conversation with him and an officer of the local GRU residency acts the part
of interpreter. The experts pass themselves off as an official Soviet
delegation. At the same time they manage to let the operational officer know
that they have arrived at just such a firm as could be of use to them and that
the exhibit is not just a model, but an actual piece. 'Is it really forbidden
to buy such a piece? Oh! What a pity. Nothing to be done, but tell us, how much
does it cost? 20,000? How cheap! We would pay twenty times that much for such a
piece! Great pity that it is not for sale.' All this in a light-hearted way, as
if incidental. The conversation turns to another subject. After a few minutes
the delegation takes its leave in a friendly way. The interpreter stays behind
for a few seconds. 'It was so nice meeting you. Could we not continue our talk
over dinner this evening? No? You're busy? What a pity. Many thanks. It was
very nice to make your acquaintance.' And that is all, nothing criminal, just a
short, friendly conversation. The Soviet delegation did not propose anything to
anybody. It did not ask, it did not demand. It was merely interested. In the
meantime the delegation goes on with its inspection. The exhibition is huge,
hundreds of firms, and the list of essential things is too long. Another stand,
another firm, the same result, it does not matter. Not everything has been
lost. There are still more stands. 'How much does this piece cost? 25,000? Only
25,000, we would give half a million for that. Great pity that it's not for
sale.' The delegation goes on. The interpreter stays for a few seconds. 'Could
I not invite you to dinner this evening in the restaurant?' 'I don't know
whether that would be all right. We hardly know each other.' And that is all.
Recruitment is accomplished. The delegation continues its inspection. New
interpreters are provided. Drinking martinis in the bar, they wait their turn.
The exhibition is huge. Hundreds of firms and the list of equipment wanted by
their government is very long.
The GRU's calculation has shown itself to be unfailing. The owner of a
small firm, even a very successful one, is always at great risk, always keen to
strengthen his situation. When he receives a proposal to sell his own wares at
a price fifteen to twenty times the highest normal price, he thinks to himself:
this is a matter of industrial espionage, which in several countries is not
even considered a criminal offence. From the first moment he knows what is
wanted from him and carefully evaluates the step that he decides on. In any
case, if he sells his product he can hide the fact from the authorities. It is
equally easy for him to hide the money he has received. The only thing he has
not taken into consideration is the wolf- like greed of the GRU. He hopes to
dispose of the products of his firm, supposing that this will be sufficient. He
is deeply mistaken. Having bought the first model or set of documents,
certainly at a staggering price, the GRU will later on lower the prices and
finally dictate them. One might object that the really big secrets are all in
the hands of the big firms, but this is not absolutely true. Very often Soviet
designers are not interested in the whole rocket or the whole aircraft, but
only in some small part — an engine, a steering system or some particular
instrument (in many cases not even an important part but only a membrane, a
heat sink or some such thing) — exactly the sort of thing that would be
produced by a components manufacturer. And of course recruitment in small firms
does not in any way hinder the GRU's attempts to penetrate large firms. Far
from it. After he has been milked, the owner of a components manufacturing
firm, now turned agent, must turn his attention to the recruitment of other
agents in the big firms to which he supplies his parts. Then suddenly in the
Soviet Union an aircraft exactly like Concorde appears. (To blame the GRU for
the trials and difficulties of the TU144 Concordski is not justified. Weak
Soviet industry, using antediluvian technology, was simply not able to copy the
aeroplane properly, despite having all the necessary drawings and documents.)
Recently, the number of exhibition recruitments by the GRU has steadily
increased. They have been facilitated by the fact that in these recruitments
the GRU does not spend one rouble of its own money. The money which the
delegation brings with it to the exhibition comes out of the budget of the armaments
industry which is ready to spend as much money as it has to in profitable
business. For its money the armaments industry receives essential documents and
samples, and the GRU, without paying a penny, receives an agent who will serve
it for long years afterwards. Exhibition recruitments are also attractive
because they can be carried out with complete impunity. Only one case of
detection is known, an air show at Le Bourget when the assistant Soviet
military attache was detained for endeavouring to carry out just such a
recruitment. He was detained, but not for long because a military diplomat
cannot be held. Declared persona non grata, after three years he went to
another country in another official capacity as a deputy resident. The only
thing which is not clear in all these stories is the attitude of those
countries who joyfully accept these supposed 'diplomats'.
As for GRU illegals, they basically use the first two methods. The work
of illegals of course is made easier by the obvious simplification of the
search for candidates and their tracing and vetting. Since they very often play
the part of bona jide business people they come into frequent contact with the
owners of firms producing military material, and by means of proposing
advantageous deals, they gradually attract these people to play the part of
agents. There is another very important factor. Illegals hardly ever recruit in
the name of Soviet intelligence. They always assume another guise. In Japan,
for example, they may pass themselves off as American industrial spies, in
Northern Ireland as an organisation going in for terrorist activities against
the English military presence, in Arab countries as anti-Zionists. In countries
with dictatorial regimes GRU illegals recruit people in the name of
anti-government organisations carrying on the underground struggle against
tyranny. A method often used by illegals is to pass themselves off as
supporters of separatist movements. It is only necessary for the illegal to
know some of the important political views in order to be able to adopt them
for himself and begin recruiting. Sometimes such recruitments are implemented
very quickly and without problems. 'We are representatives of such and such a
liberation army, this or that red brigade. Can't you help us? If you can't we
ask you not to let anybody know about our visit.' The candidate is then
recruited in the name of an organisation for which he feels sympathy and he
gratifies his conscience all his life with the thought that he is a
revolutionary and defends ideals near to his heart, not even suspecting the
existence of the GRU and its illegals. He is so full of pride that he has been
selected for such secret work that he may not even tell those who think
likewise about it.
There is one last method of recruiting. This is when a foreigner comes
in and says, 'Please recruit me.' However strange it may seem, every year
hundreds of such people come into Soviet embassies and the same answer awaits
them all. This is a diplomatic representation and not an espionage centre. Be
so kind as to leave the building or we will call the police.' The police are
usually not called but the embassy staff chase the would-be agent out quickly.
Even if the GRU (and the KGB, for that matter) is sure that the caller is not a
young reporter anxious to publish a sensational article or somebody purporting
to sell secret documents but really only selling some nonsense, how can they be
sure that the caller is not a police agent who wants to know who in the embassy
is concerned with secrets? Thus the answer to all is the same. 'You have got
the wrong address. We are not concerned with such things.' This does not mean
that it would not be interesting to have a look at what the caller has brought,
but long experience has shown that the person who really wants to be recruited
and really has something to sell does not say very much but simply hands over
the material, together with instructions as to where he can be found, and
leaves. He might add a note to the effect that 'this is not all the material I
have but only a part, if you are interested.'
Elementary psychological analysis shows that this is perhaps the only
way to convince the GRU that they can trust the person. Indeed if a person has
decided to entrust his life and the happiness of his family to such dark and
unknown personalities, why on earth should he not hand them some papers? By
such a gesture he not only draws attention to himself but he gives time for
reflection on his proposals and for the necessary checking with higher authorities
and checking of the material. However, if the visitor brings papers and
documents to the embassy and begins to demand immediate financial reward, this
leads one to think, 'If, after careful consideration, he has decided on this
step, if he is really ready to entrust his life to us, why does he think that
we would deceive him and not return the papers if they were of no use to us?
And where is the guarantee that the papers which he has brought are not
forgeries? Who would carry the can if we paid him money for papers which
afterwards turned out to be forgeries? No, we are not interested in such
things.'
That these 'walk-ins' are an extremely unpredictable form of recruitment
is perhaps best illustrated by two examples, both of which occurred at the same
residency in West Germany. An American sergeant came to one of the Soviet
observation missions in West Germany (each of which is a GRU residency),
bringing with him the block of a cipher machine used in one of the American
bases. The sergeant announced that for a certain sum he could bring a second
part of the machine and added that there could only be a deal on condition that
the GRU would not subsequently attempt to recruit him. The residency
immediately accepted both proposals. The sergeant got his money and an
assurance that the GRU would forget all about him immediately after the deal
was done.
The cipher machine which was obtained, or more accurately two of its
basic blocks, enabled the technical services of the GRU to decipher thousands
of American radio communications which had been intercepted earlier but
remained undeciphered. They also enabled them to study the principles of cipher
work in the American Army and in the armies of its allies and, by exploiting
the American principles, to create more complete Soviet examples. What about
the sergeant? Of course he was immediately recruited....
On another occasion a couple of years later an American major approached
the same Soviet residency proposing to sell an American atomic artillery shell.
In proof of his good intentions he handed over free of charge to the residency
detailed plans of the atomic depots and instructions on checking procedures and
standing orders for work with atomic equipment. These documents by themselves
were of great value, although the major's main proposal was of vastly greater
interest. The major announced that he would demand a substantial sum for the
shell, and imposed the condition that the Soviet side, having studied the
shell, must return it after two months. Some days later, the specialists of the
GRU information service confirmed the genuineness and very great importance of
the documents which had been acquired. The GRU leadership decided to buy the
atomic shell and to pay the price demanded for it by the American. A number of
the senior officers of the residency were called to Moscow and given a crash
course in American atomic technology. A week later, on a dark rainy night in a
clearing in the middle of a forest, two motor cars met. In one was the American
major, in the other three operational officers. There were two more Soviet cars
hidden nearby, ready to intervene if necessary. Many people did without sleep
that night. The Soviet Consul dozed by his telephone, in full readiness to come
tearing out to the wood and in the name of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics to defend the military diplomats. On the orders of the Central
Committee, many highly placed officials in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
Tass were also on alert. Of course they did not know what was going on or
where, but they were ready to announce to the world that the imperialists had
mounted yet another provocation against the Soviet Union. In fact, the Tass and
Ministry of Foreign Affairs announcements were already prepared. But everything
went according to plan. The American and the three Soviets transferred the
shell from one car to the other, and a thorough check was carried out. The
operational officers knew beforehand the serial number, the level of radiation,
the exact weight and the markings which would identify it as a genuine shell.
All was as it should be. The Soviets handed over a briefcase full of banknotes
to the American and agreed to meet in two months' time for the return of the
shell. Once the shell was in the Soviet car with diplomatic number plates, it
was tantamount to being on Soviet territory. The police could stop the car, but
they did not have the right to search it nor remove anything from it.
Diplomatic immunity is not to be trifled with. In the event nobody stopped the
officers, and the car drove peacefully into the courtyard of the Soviet
diplomatic mission. Later the shell was transported in a diplomatic container
under armed guard to the Soviet Union.
The GRU chief joyfully informed the Central Committee of the successful
outcome of the operation. 'Where is the bomb?' asked a voice on the telephone.
'We have it in GRU headquarters.' 'In Moscow!?' 'Yes.'
A long and largely unprintable tirade ensued, whose import was roughly
as follows: 'And what happens if there is a little spring inside this shell and
it explodes right in the middle of the Soviet capital and turns Moscow into
Hiroshima?'
The GRU had worked out the whole operation with the maximum number of
precautionary measures and the plan to acquire the shell had been confirmed by
all departments from the chief to the general staff up to the Central
Committee. However, nobody had foreseen the possibility that there could be a
timed device in the shell and that the Central Committee, the Politburo, the
KGB, the GRU, all the Ministers and departments of State, the general staff,
all the Military Academies, all the principal design bureaux, in a word,
everything which constitutes Soviet power, could be instantaneously destroyed.
There was no answer. No defence was possible. One shell and the whole system
could have gone up, because everybody and everything is controlled from Moscow.
The possibility of such an occurrence had only been realised in the Central
Committee when the shell was already in Moscow. Instead of the expected
decoration, the GRU chief received a 'service incompetence note' — a
strong warning that in the future even the most trivial mistake would lead to
dismissal.
The shell was taken for the time being to the central aerodrome and a
military transport aircraft speedily transported it to Novaya Zemlya. The shell
did not explode. At the same time there was no guarantee that it would not
explode while it was being dismantled and destroy the leading Soviet
specialists who were working on it, so the dismantling was conducted in a
special pavilion hurriedly constructed on the atomic testing ground.
Preliminary work on the shell had already disquieted the Soviet specialists, as
it was much more radioactive than it should have been. After protracted
arguments and consultations, the shell was dismantled with the greatest
possible care. Only then was it found that it was not a shell at all — but
a beautifully executed copy.
The American major from the depot for atomic armaments had known to the
last detail how to do this. He had taken a written-off practice shell or, as it
is called, a 'standard weight equivalent', had painted it as a real shell and
put on a corresponding marking and number. Inside the shell he had put some
radioactive waste which he had obtained. Of course he was not able to regulate
this to the extent that the level of radiation would conform to the level of
radiation of a genuine shell, but this was not necessary. At the time when it
was first checked after having been handed over to the operational officers,
there had been no attempt to determine the exact level of radioactivity. The
officers had only been interested to see whether there was radiation or not.
After all that had happened the officers who had taken part in the operation,
of course, received no decorations but at the same time they were not punished
and neither was the GRU chief. The Special Commission of the General Staff and
Central Committee established that the forgery had been very skilfully and
thoroughly executed and that there had been little possibility of exposing it
at the time of the hand-over. All the same the GRU was not happy about it. It
began a search for the American major. The first attempts proved unsuccessful.
It was established that he had been posted to the USA immediately after the
sale of the forgery, and it would not be so easy to find him there. He had
apparently known of the imminence of his posting and chosen his moment
perfectly. Steps were taken to find him in the United States, and at the same
time the GRU asked for permission to murder him from the Central Committee.
However, the Central Committee turned down the request on the basis that the
major was incredibly cunning and could well outwit the GRU a second time as he
had outwitted them earlier. They were ordered to forget about the major and
stop searching for him. Now, whenever a 'walk-in' appears at a Soviet embassy
and suggests the purchase for an exorbitant price of technical documents of
exceptional importance, GRU residents always remember the American major.
That it is extremely difficult to find real volunteers is a simple fact.
It is much, much harder to discover a volunteer than an agent whom the GRU has
spent a year and more in processing. But real volunteers, however warmly they
may be welcomed, do not take into consideration another simple thing. The
Soviet operational officer, having seen a great deal of the ugly face of
communism, very frequently feels the utmost repulsion to those who sell
themselves to it willingly. Even amongst those few who still believe in
communism, the intelligence officer will make a great distinction between the
agent he has recruited by using a whole arsenal of tricks and traps, and the
volunteer. And when a GRU or KGB officer decides to break with his criminal
organisation, something which fortunately happens quite often, the first thing
he will do is try to expose the hated volunteer.
Chapter
Five
Agent
Communications
GRU theoreticians officially admit that agent communications -that
complex of channels for transmitting instructions and material — is the
weakest link in the chain. It is the fault of communications, they say, that
there are so many failures, and to some degree they are right. Whatever the
theoreticians say, however, we in the field know that by far the greatest
damage to Soviet intelligence is caused by the defection of GRU officers.
Enormous damage was done when Igor Gusenko went over to the West. By this one
gesture the whole powerful current of technological intelligence on the
production of atomic weapons, which was flowing like a river into the hands of
Stalin and his blood-thirsty clique, was stopped dead. And historians will
remember with gratitude the name of the GRU Colonel Oleg Penkovsky. Thanks to
his priceless information the Cuban crisis was not transformed into a last
World War. Nevertheless, it is indisputable that after the phenomenon of
willing and mass defection to the side of the enemy, which was clearly absent
in the old Russian intelligence service of the pre-revolutionary period, agent
communications is the most vulnerable sector of Soviet intelligence.
All agent communications are divided into personal and non-personal.
Personal contact is the most vulnerable element, and preference is always given
to non-personal contact. At the same time, in the first stages, especially
during cultivation, recruitment and vetting, personal meetings are an
inescapable evil with which one has to come to terms. Later on, as agents gain
experience and involvement in their work, personal contacts gradually give way
to non-personal ones. Many of the most experienced agents have not had a
personal meeting with their case officer for several years. If such meetings
are absolutely unavoidable, the GRU prefers that they should take place either
on its own or on neutral territory.
Routine meetings are organised between agents, however. For example an
illegal will meet his agent or officers of the undercover residency their
agents. The details for these meetings are worked out previously. Whoever is
the senior man will give instructions to the junior as to where, when, and in
what circumstances they will meet. Experienced agents are often given a
programme of meetings for six months ahead, sometimes a year, and in some cases
even five years or more. Routine meetings usually take place in cafes,
restaurants, cinemas, night clubs or parks. Both parties try to give the
impression that it is a normal meeting between ordinary people discussing
important topics. Frequently they will try to give the impression that they are
collectors of such items as postage stamps, postcards or coins and will have
these objects spread out in front of them in the restaurant or cafe where they
are meeting. Sometimes these meetings take place in cinemas or public
conveniences. Longer meetings, especially during the vetting stage of agents,
will take place in hotels and camping places, caravans, yachts or boats which
either are the property of the agent or are hired by him. In all cases, and
this also applies to other operations involving agents, GRU officers will try
to avoid city quarters which are known to be the haunt of criminals or
prostitutes, and railway and police stations, airports, guarded state military
or commercial undertakings — in other words all those places where police
activity may be expected to be at its highest. The alternative meeting is a
carbon copy of the main meeting for which arrangements are made at the same
time as the main meeting: 'If one of us should be unable to get to the meeting
we will meet in the same place in a week's time'. A complicated system of
alternative meetings is set out for experienced agents, and there may be up to
three or four alternative meetings for each main meeting. With so many
alternatives it is essential that places and times are changed.
This system of alternative meetings is introduced by GRU officers long
before recruitment. A man who has as yet done nothing for the GRU, who does not
even suspect its existence, is already being indoctrinated into secrecy and is
already being introduced to the system of agent communications. Usually the
subject is introduced in various quite innocent ways; for example, the officer
says, 'I shall be very pleased to meet you again but I simply don't know
whether I shall be able to be on time. The life of a diplomat contains so many
unexpected happenings. If I am late, then don't wait for me more than ten
minutes. In any case we will meet again in three days' time.' If you have a
good friend in the Soviet embassy and he says that sort of thing to you, and at
the same time has a hundred reasons why he cannot use the telephone in such a
simple case, be sure that the GRU has a thick file on you and that sooner or
later you will receive a proposal of recruitment and notice with astonishment
that all ways out seem to be blocked.
At the other end of the spectrum there is the emergency meeting. This
access is accorded only to the most experienced agents, and those who may
communicate information of such outstanding importance that it brooks no delay
at all. The agent is told how he should go about calling the officer on
stipulated telephones or telegrams or signals. In the same way the agent is
also given the possibility of communicating danger. For example, if he rings up
on the telephone and says, 'I need John,' then the officer will come
immediately. If the agent says, 'Ring John,' then they will reply that he has
made a mistake. If the agent uses the second variant, then he is showing the
GRU that he has been arrested by the police who are trying to get to the case
officer through the agent.
Brush contacts are for handing over material, instructions, money and so
on. The officer and the agent carry out only one contact, in very populous
places, in the underground, on full buses, at peak hours and when the crowds
come out of stadiums, for example. Brush contact must be carried out with great
precision otherwise the crowd may separate those taking part. On the other hand
the transmission of the material must not attract attention especially if one
of the participants is under strict surveillance. The check meeting is carried
out in the same conditions as the routine meeting. However, the most junior of
those taking part must not suspect that it is not a routine meeting and that he
is in fact being checked. A number of GRU officers take up position before the
meeting, in places where they can easily observe what is going on (for example,
on observation platforms for tourists where there are powerful binoculars and
telescopes installed). The entry of the agent to the meeting place is checked
from a great distance. They check his punctuality, his behaviour, they watch
for anybody who follows him, they observe the presence of any suspicious
movement in the area of the meeting place prior to the meeting. After the agent
has realised that nobody is going to come and meet him, the GRU officers may
observe what he does, where he goes after the aborted meeting and what action
he takes.
The secret rendezvous (Yavka) is often confused with the secret house or
Yavotchnaya Kvartira. At the present time the term 'secret house' is not used
in the GRU. It has been replaced by the term 'secret flat' or KK but the word
Yavka is used to mean a meeting between two men who are unknown to each other,
for example two illegals, or an agent with his new case officer. The secret
rendezvous as an element of agent communications is given to all agents without
exception — they are given the place, time, recognition signals, password
and answer — because the secret rendezvous is essential for re-establishing
lost contacts. For example, if in extreme circumstances the whole of the Soviet
embassy was declared persona non grata and had to leave the country, the agent
who had lost contact with his case officer would be obliged to go to a certain
place on the 31st of every month which has thirty-one days, that is seven times
a year, having previously agreed recognition signals (brief case in left hand,
book in right hand, and so on). In the appointed place another person will come
towards him and will give the previously arranged password to which the agent
gives the proper reply. In giving the correct reply the agent shows to his new
leader that he has not made a mistake and secondly that the agent acknowledges
the authority of his new case officer. If nobody comes to the pre-arranged
place, the agent is obliged to repeat the process until such time as somebody
does appear to re-establish contact.
As the agent becomes more and more involved in his work, elements of
non-personal contact gradually take the place of personal contact. The most
experienced agents have only one element of personal contact — the secret
rendezvous or Yavka -and several elements of non-personal contact. Let us
examine these. First there is the long-range two-way radio link, generally imagined
as a special portable radio set which may transmit information directly to the
receiving centre on Soviet territory or to a Soviet ship or satellite. This
classical element in all spy films is in practice only used in wartime. Instead
agents and illegals are issued with small written instructions containing
several types of ordinary current components which may be bought in any radio
shop, and the means whereby they may be put together to make a long-range
two-way set. This solves two problems at the same time. If an agent is arrested
there is only to be found in his flat a pair of good Japanese receivers, a tape
recorder and other components which can be bought in any shop. There is
therefore no way that he can be suspected of any criminal activity. And
secondly the problem of the transportation and secret storage of a radio set of
comparatively large proportions is avoided. The GRU is continually looking at
the market as regards radio sets and components, and working out new
recommendations as to how they should be assembled. In times of war, however,
quick-acting and ultra-quick-acting sets are used, exploiting technical means
of radio transmission in seconds or micro- seconds. Satellites are used in
conjunction with these sets and this makes it possible to transmit information
on a narrow radio beam vertically overhead. The long-range one-way radio link
does not replace, but augments the two-way link. The most convenient, reliable
and secure type of link is inevitably the one by which the agent receives from
the Centre. One-way radio links are usually broadcast by Soviet radio stations
or special ships or polar stations to be received anywhere in the world by
ordinary radio receivers. Instructions to the agent are transmitted in the form
of previously agreed phrases or numbers in ordinary radio programmes, or as a
simple numerical code. Even if a police force should by some means or another
guess that the transmission they are hearing is not a coded transmission for
cosmonauts or warships, they cannot possibly determine for which spy it is
destined, or even which country. The agent who hears such a transmission is
also not exposed to any great risk. However, for the GRU it is often necessary
that the agent himself transmits. For this the short-range radio link exists.
The agent transmits information to the Soviet embassy with the help of small
transmitters, like the sort of walkie-talkie sets which can be bought in any
shop and which are used for guiding model aeroplanes and ships (one cannot help
noticing how many aerials there are on the roof of the Soviet embassy). In this
type of radio exchange the GRU takes the cover of a fireman, ambulance driver,
construction worker or a policeman. All radio conversations within the city
limits are thoroughly studied by GRU specialists and any of them may be used by
the GRU for its dark ends. A short-range special link is an alternative to
short-range radio links. In connection with increasing the monitoring of radio
exchanges, the GRU frequently undertakes the transmission of signals under
water. One fisherman will transmit signals by means of a rod put in the water
and another several kilometres distant from him will receive the signal by
using the same method. Or water and gas pipes can be used. Significant research
is also going on in the field of electro-optical communications.
Dead-letter boxes are the favourite GRU means of contact. They have the
most universal application and in addition to communications they may be used
for the storage of everything that has to do with a spy's work —
documents, money, radio sets, special photographic equipment, for example.
Thousands of types of dead-letter boxes are known, from cracks in gravestones
and brickwork to specially devised magnetic 'letter boxes' in the form of metal
nuts. Applied to the structure of a bridge among thousands of similar nuts and
rivets this device is easily hidden and just as easy to undo. The GRU also
makes wide use of boxes constructed in the form of a plastic hollow wedge with
a lid. These can very easily be pushed into the ground in any public park.
Underwater dead-letter boxes are also widely used.
Their selection is always a complicated and responsible business. The
primary criterion is that as far as possible they must not be prone to
accidental discovery. They are threatened by many possible happenings: they may
be found by children, by the police, even by archaeologists. There may be
floods, or the heat of summer may affect them. Someone may start building on
the site. All this must be taken into account. Equally important is that the
dead-letter box's location must be easy to describe to another person, even by
somebody who only knows about it at secondhand. It must also be located in a
place where it is possible for the case officer to go at any time with a
plausible cover story for his presence there. Some random examples from GRU
practice are worth describing.
As a general principle of security, each dead-letter box (DLB) may only
be used once. Documents on all DLBs are stored in the GRU command point and
after the completion of a DLB operation the document is stamped 'used' and
transferred to the archives. An officer at a command point, working in a GRU
top secret archive, once discovered the description of a DLB on which there was
no 'used' stamp. The document was very old, pre-war. The DLB has been selected
in 1932 and three years later some material had been put in it — money and
valuables for the use of the illegal residency in case of emergency, apparently
'in various currencies to a total sum of 50,000 American dollars'. The officer
carefully inspected the document again, but there was nothing on it to show
that the DLB had been emptied. The officer informed his chief of what he had
found and he in his turn informed the GRU chief, who decided on an
investigation. The affair was not complicated and a week later the
investigation disclosed that the dead-letter box had belonged to the Hamburg
illegal residency which in 1937 had been recalled to Moscow lock, stock and
barrel for 'instructions', and shot. All the materials of the residency had
been handed in to the archives, together with the document about the unused
DLB. The new officers who took the place of those who had been shot were
completely inexperienced and started work with new sets of documents. There was
no time, in any case, to look into the old documents. Then the new GRU staff
was also liquidated. So there were many documents which were completely
forgotten and simply collected dust in the archives.
The GRU chief took two decisions, firstly, to nominate a group of
specially trusted officers for permanent archive work- perhaps something else
of interest might be discovered — and secondly, to give an order to one of
the GRU residencies in West Germany to find this old unused DLB. Suppose it was
still there. If it was, then the value of its contents would have increased
many times.
In fact the DLB had survived, in spite of the war, the fierce bombing of
Hamburg, the rebuilding of the city after the war, and the enormous expansion
in the development of the city. The DLB consisted of a hermetically sealed
container, about the size of a small suitcase, which had been buried at the
bottom of a lake in a quiet park. For greater security it had been covered with
an old tombstone which had been sprinkled all over with sand and silt. The
container was removed to Moscow and opened there. Much to the disappointment of
all those present, all that was inside was a few dozen old-fashioned silver
watches of very little value, a hundred or so American dollars and a few
thousand crisp German Marks of the time of the Third Reich.
The second dead-letter box was in the very centre of the American
capital. At the beginning of his lunch break, the agent would go into a park
and hide top secret documents in the hollow of a tree. Some minutes later a
Soviet 'diplomat' would appear, remove the documents and with the help of two
other 'diplomats' copy them in his car which was parked at the Capitol. The
operation was an especially daring one, and succeeded several times—after the
GRU chief had sanctioned repeated use of the DLB. The copying of the documents
in the car did not take more than twenty minutes, and the agent, on his return
from his lunch break, was able to walk in the park for a few minutes longer and
retrieve his documents. One day the case officer was making his way towards the
dead-letter box. Suddenly his attention was attracted by a sheet of white paper
blowing about with the first yellow and red leaves. The officer picked it up
and, horrified, saw the stamp 'top secret'. He looked around. All over the park
were dozens of similar sheets of paper. The officer realised that squirrels
getting ready for winter had taken up residence in the hollowed-out tree; the
pieces of paper had got in their way and they had thrown them out. He
immediately set about picking up the pieces, many of which were torn by the
sharp teeth and claws of these lovable little animals. At that dramatic moment
a policeman appeared in the park. He evidently took the Soviet diplomat for one
of the White House workers who had had his papers blown out of his hands by the
wind. Without a word, the policeman also started to collect the papers. Having
gathered a considerable number, the policeman held them out to the embarrassed
case officer. The latter took them and smiled in the most foolish way, even
forgetting to thank his saviour and helper, who saluted and withdrew.
Nevertheless the situation remained highly critical. There was absolutely no
time, as the agent had already appeared on the opposite side of the park. The
case officer hurried to meet him, although this was strictly forbidden. Quickly
outlining the situation, the officer suggested two possible ways out: either
the agent should tell his department that he had in error torn up the papers
and thrown them into the waste-paper basket but then had remembered in time; or
he should wait for four days. The agent chose the second option. Within hours,
an officer with diplomatic rank had made two changes of aircraft in Europe and
arrived in Warsaw where a fast fighter interceptor was waiting for him. Again
only hours later, the GRU had carried out a complete forgery of the documents,
and a day later they were returned to the agent. Of course, all this time he
had been threatened with exposure, but the GRU's swift action had saved him.
A third dead-letter box was in a small drainage pipe on the embankment
of a river in northern Europe. The officer had to lower into the pipe a small
metal box with a magnet attached. The magnet was very strong and normally there
would have been no risk that the box would come unstuck. Pretending to tie up
his shoe-lace, the officer carefully lowered the little box into the drainage
pipe with the magnet and took out his hand. But the first frosts had started and
the officer had not taken into account the fact that the interior of the pipe
was covered with a thin layer of ice. The box slid down the pipe, giving out a
harmonious ringing noise, and after a few seconds flew out into the river,
which was unfortunately also covered with a thin sheet of ice. Had the river
not been iced over, the box would have sunk and that would have been that. But
instead it skidded on the ice right to the middle of the river. The ice was too
thin to walk on, and nor was it, possible to throw things at the box across the
ice to send it to the other side. In the box was a film with instructions for
an agent. There was only one way out. The officer ran into a shop and bought a
fishing rod; then, for an hour and a half, to the astonishment of passers-by,
he cast his hook onto the ice until it was taken by the magnet. By carefully
winding in his line, he succeeded in retrieving the valuable box. This happened
in the heart of one of the Western capitals in broad daylight.
Signals, too, are a means of exchanging information which is highly
favoured by the GRU. Office pins are used as signals stuck in a predetermined
place, dots, bands, crosses, signals are made with chalk, pencil, paints,
lipstick. A car parked in a pre-arranged place at a pre- arranged time may
serve as a signal or a doll placed in a window of a house. These are used as
warnings of danger, requests for meetings, confirmation of the reception of
radio instructions and for hundreds of other intentions.
Usually an agent who has worked for some years with the GRU will have as
a minimum the following elements of communication: the secret rendezvous,
long-range one-way radio link, short-range radio line or special link and a
system of dead-letter boxes and signals. An agent group in addition is obliged
in every case to have a long-range two-way radio link.
Chapter
Six
The
Practice of Agent Work
So our agent has been recruited, trained during long routine meetings
(perhaps in a small hotel off the beaten track), and there has been worked out
for him a complicated system of agent communications including both personal
and non-personal forms of communication and also the actions to be taken in
case of a sudden break of all channels of communication. Elements of
non-personal communication have been gradually introduced and have gradually
superseded the personal meetings. In these meetings the agent has handed over
photocopies of secret documents and has received in exchange small sums of
money. Attempts by the agent to protest or refuse to work have been
successfully suppressed. The material received from him has been thoroughly
compared and checked with analogous material received from other sources. So
far, all is going well. What happens next is a new stage, the thinking behind
which includes the segregation of the agent from the Soviet embassy and from
all meetings with official Soviet representatives.
Up till the Second World War not only the agents of undercover
residencies, but also illegals and agents subordinate to illegals, were tied to
the embassies. With the outbreak of war, when the embassies were closed, all
contact with the powerful agent network was lost. The flow of agent information
was cut off at the very moment when it would have been of the greatest value.
The deputy head of the GRU was sent into occupied Europe with several radio
officers and unlimited powers. Within a short time he had successfully
organised a small illegal resident network on the territories of Belgium and
Holland. Subsequently, by means of secret rendezvous, he was able to
re-establish contact with all the illegal residencies. However, the agent radio
station by the name of 'Sever', which had been established before the war,
proved useless. Nobody had supposed that the advance of the Nazis would be so
precipitate, and the radio station had not been designed to deal with such long
distances. The ships of the Soviet Baltic fleet were blockaded in their own
bases and could not be used for the reception of agent transmissions. Then the
GRU organised a receiving centre on the territory of the Soviet embassy in
Sweden. Information from all the illegal residencies came to the illegal
residency network and from there was transmitted directly to the Soviet Union.
This was perhaps the only possible solution at the time and of course it had
many disadvantages. First of all, the agents, their case officers and the
illegals found themselves in one gigantic residency, a state of affairs which
compromised many hundreds of men. It could not be long before it collapsed, and
the collapse began in the most vulnerable place, deep in the nerve centre of
this most unprecedently powerful underground organisation. One of the illegal
radio operators, wishing to obtain the favours of a girl, boasted to her that
he knew all the latest news in the world, as he regularly listened to the radio
(which was, of course, forbidden on occupied territory). The girl, in her turn
eager for the favours of a certain German corporal, informed him of this fact.
So the most powerful underground intelligence organisation in history was
discovered — this organisation which had penetrated many of Germany's most
sensitive secrets. Referred to by the Germans as 'the Red Orchestra', the
organisation was completely neutralised and all the agents and illegals of this
gigantic octopus arrested.
The GRU learnt its lessons very quickly. Already, only a few months
after what had happened, illegal residencies were functioning on the
territories of its true 'allies', the United States, Great Britain and Canada
which were completely separate from the embassies. This now cast-iron rule is
observed by the GRU everywhere. Undercover residencies support illegals, but
only on instructions from the Centre without having any idea for whom they are
working. All operations in support of illegals are worked out in such a way
that the officers of the GRU undercover residency do not have one crumb of
information which is not necessary. Operations are planned in such a way that
there is no possibility of the illegals becoming dependent on the actions of
the undercover residency. Another lesson learnt from the arrest of the 'Red
Orchestra' is the division of residencies into even smaller independent parts,
especially insofar as this concerns illegals. And, thirdly and significantly,
there is the separation of agents from the embassy which is our present
concern.
The recruited, tested and trained agent must be kept separate from
official Soviet institutions abroad. The process of separating the agent is
undertaken only after he has handed over to the GRU a significant quantity of
secret material, that is, made it impossible for himself to go to the police.
The separated agent comes in three guises: the separated acting agent, the
agent group and the agent residency.
The most valuable agents, those that provide specially important
material, are taken out of residencies very quickly. The moment the Centre
feels that such and such an agent is handing over material of exceptional
importance, it will immediately demand that no more information or documents
are taken from him. All attention is switched from questions of obtaining
information to questions of security and training. The GRU will then take the
step of sending him immediately to a soft country to undergo his training there —
during a 'holiday', perhaps. If circumstances permit, he may be transferred
from the soft country to the Soviet Union. Thence he will go back to his own
country, but as an independently acting agent. He will be run exclusively by
the Centre, in concrete terms the head of a section, even, in special cases,
the head of a directorate and in extreme cases the deputy head of the GRU or
the head himself. The running of such an agent is thus carried out exactly as
the running of illegals is.
A complex system of non-personal communications and contacts must be
worked out for an independent agent. Usually he will transmit his material by
means of dead-letter boxes. The residency which was responsible for the agent's
recruitment may receive the order to empty such and such a numbered dead-letter
box of films. It will not know from whom it is receiving these films, whether
from a local illegal or a transiting illegal, an 'artist on tour' as they are
still called, or from an agent who has been recruited by that particular residency.
The processing of films (which are called schtchit — the Russian word for
shield) is carried out only in the Centre. The film will be a dual-purpose one.
Firstly a pseudo-secret document is photographed on the film by the GRU, then
the film is given to the agent and he photographs genuine secret material on
it. Any attempt to develop the film outside the walls of the GRU Technical
Operations Scientific Research Institute leads to the real secret text being
destroyed and only the pseudo-secret text appearing, which is designed to lead
the police on a wild goose chase.
The Scientific Research Institute of the GRU has done much important
work in developing films of the schtchit type. Hundreds, or even possibly
thousands, of formulae have been worked out. In each case, for each and every
valuable agent, a separate and unrepeatable formula is used. The GRU tries by
all possible means to limit the number of personal contacts with independent
agents, which is why they are taken out of the residencies. If personal
meetings have to take place, they are only carried out in soft countries or
secretly in the Soviet Union. In any case, they are carried out extremely
rarely.
Other agents recruited by residencies are gradually organised into agent
groups of three to five men each. Usually, agents working in one particular
field of espionage are put together in one group. Sometimes a group consists of
agents who for various reasons are known to each other. Let us suppose that one
agent recruits two others. A group automatically organises itself. The GRU
obviously considers family groups containing the head of the family and his
wife and children to be more secure and stable. The members of such a group may
work in completely different fields of espionage. The leader of an agent group
is called a gropovod, and only he is in contact with Soviet officers. Thus to a
certain extent the members of agent groups are completely isolated from Soviet
diplomatic representation. The agent group is in contact with the undercover residency
for a period of time, then gradually the system of contact with the residency
comes to an end and orders begin to be received directly from Moscow. By
various channels the group sends it material directly to Moscow. Finally the
contact with Moscow becomes permanent and stable and the agent group is
entirely separated from the residency. With gradual changes in personnel at the
residency, like the resident himself, the cipher officers and the operational
officers with whom there was once direct contact, nobody outside the Centre
will know of the existence of this particular group. Should it happen that
operating conditions become difficult, or that the embassy is blockaded or
closed down, the group will be able to continue its activities in the same way
as before.
The GRU tolerates personal contacts with group leaders only in
exceptional circumstances and where there is favourable security. Agents going
into agent groups do not by any means always know each other, nor is it
necessary that they should. They may know the group leader alone, not guessing
at the existence of other agents.
An agent group may gradually get bigger as the group leader or his
recruiting agent continues to recruit other agents. If the Centre permits a
group leader to recruit agents independently, his agent group, even if it
consists of only two men, acquires the status of an agent residency, and the
group leader becomes the agent resident. This status was acquired by one of the
American nuclear physicists whom the GRU permitted to recruit his colleagues at
his discretion. Interestingly this agent resident never made a mistake.
Sometimes the GRU will post one or more illegals to an agent residency.
The presence of even one Soviet illegal (he is of course considered as the
leader) in an agent residency of any size automatically transforms that
residency from an agent residency into an illegal residency. This process of
increasing the numbers and the gradual self-generation of independent
organisations continues endlessly. The process is similar to the spread of a
fearful illness, with the difference that, in this case, surgical intervention
always gives excellent results. Hundreds of examples have proved this.
If the GRU feels that there is likely to be a clampdown and that
operating conditions will become more difficult at any moment, it takes
measures to ensure that it does not lose the agent network which has already
been recruited but not as yet separated from the undercover residency. With
this aim in mind some of the most experienced officers of the undercover
residency are in a continual state of readiness so that at any moment, on the
order of the Centre, they may go over to illegal status and run the work of
their agents. These officers are in possession of previously prepared documents
and equipment, and gold, diamonds and other valuables which will be of use to
them in their illegal activities will have been hidden in secret hiding-places
beforehand. In case of war actually breaking out, these officers will
unobtrusively disappear from their embassies. The Soviet government will
register a protest and will for a short time refuse to exchange its diplomats
for the diplomats of the aggressive country. Then it will capitulate, the
exchange will take place and the newly fledged illegals will remain behind in
safe houses and flats. Afterwards they will gradually, by using the system of
secret rendezvous, begin to establish the system of contacts with agents and
agent groups which have recently been subordinated to the undercover residency.
Now they all form a new illegal residency. The new illegals never mix and never
enter into contact with the old ones who have been working in the country for a
long time. This plainly makes life more secure for both parties. The formation
of new illegal residencies where there were already old ones in action is yet
another example of the constant striving for duplication.
However important the problems of recruiting agents, training them and
organising agent networks may be, there is still one overriding objective: the
acquisition of secrets belonging to an enemy or a probable enemy. The material
acquired by the GRU breaks down into information, documents and specimens or
samples. Information includes commentaries and reports. Documents are not the
subjective opinions or observations of agents but official secret papers,
books, drawings or copies of them. Specimens or samples are self-explanatory:
actual weapons, examples of military technology, instruments and equipment
which the GRU uses for study and copying.
The photographing of documents and eavesdropping on conversations are in
real life exactly as they are portrayed in spy films. But how does the agent
contrive to steal secret equipment and remain undetected? Many ways and means
exist: we have already examined one of them when we discussed the recruitment
of the owners of small private companies producing military equipment. The
owner of a small firm has not much difficulty in producing one extra specimen
of an instrument or a gadget and it is very advantageous for him to sell it to
the GRU. But what about really big objects like a tank, an aeroplane or an
atomic reactor? Not only does one have to obtain such an object without its
loss being noticed, but it also has to be transported to the Soviet Union.
There is, perhaps surprisingly, a number of solutions to these problems.
Samples of objects which can only be used once -rockets, torpedoes, shells,
cartridges — are usually stolen during instructional periods, military
displays or tests. An entry may be made, for example, in the official
accounting documents that there were a hundred launchings of a certain
anti-tank rocket whereas in actual fact there were only ninety-nine. The
hundredth rocket will have been quietly sold to the GRU without anybody noticing.
Very often written- off equipment is able to be sold because there exist
official documents certifying that it has been written off or destroyed. One
agent suggested to the GRU that he should obtain for them a lateral scanning
radar for aircraft which permitted the aircraft to carry out intelligence work
on the territory of the enemy while it was actually over its own territory. The
GRU, of course, agreed to the suggestion, although the agent said that he did
not know exactly when he would be able to acquire the apparatus. It might be
within a day or two, it might take years. The GRU agreed to wait. Several
months later the agent obtained the apparatus, and a year later it was taken
into service with the Soviet Army. The agent worked in an experimental training
ground, and when an aircraft equipped with the required apparatus crashed, the
agent, in spite of very strict control, was able to steal a broken radar. This
was quite sufficient for the Soviet Army to catch up with the United States in
that particular field. Frequently agents go as far as deliberately damaging
secret arms and equipment so that they can be written off and then sold. Wide
use is made of countries of the Third World which receive equipment from
Western countries, as was made clear in the GRU's (unsuccessful) attempt to
acquire a French Mirage III from the Lebanon. Any armed conflict or change of
government is usually accompanied by intense GRU activity, because this is the
most favourable time for stealing military technology and armaments.
The diplomatic mail is the most often-used method of transporting
specimens to the Soviet Union. The main problem is to transport the specimen
into the Soviet embassy. From that time onwards, of course, it crosses all
frontiers in sealed packing cases and accompanied by armed diplomatic couriers.
Sometimes the difficult problem arises of a specimen weighing several tons
which cannot be accommodated in the diplomatic post. This happened when, in one
of the countries which had bought Leopard tanks in the Federal Republic of
Germany, GRU agents were able to steal a written-off tank engine — an item
of exceptional interest to Soviet industry. The theft went unnoticed but the
engine weighed more than a ton and there was no way it could be accommodated in
diplomatic containers. The Soviet consulate then bought an old cruising yacht.
The yacht was straight away sent for a refit and, for a very substantial sum,
the small repair workshop installed the heavy tank engine in the yacht. The
yacht went to sea on a number of pleasure trips and during one such trip
fortuitously met a Soviet trawler. A special team of fitters literally tore the
tank engine out of the yacht in a few minutes. The yacht put to sea several
times after this to maintain its cover, before being sold.
Another, more reliable method of transporting heavy equipment exists.
After an item has been acquired, GRU officers in the guise of a trade
delegation will poach from a firm some completely unnecessary item of quite
innocent nature. The important thing is that the quantity of containers and
their weight approximate to the packing of the secret equipment. Subsequently
the markings on the packing cases are changed and they make their way
innocently through customs control. So items of exceptional importance are
transported to the Soviet Union in the form of equipment for, say, a canning
factory. Sometimes, too, specimens are sent to a safe address in one of the
Third World countries where they can be loaded onto Soviet ships without any
trouble.
In general terms the GRU leadership is quite confident that it is
capable of obtaining any technological secret from the West provided it has
been allocated a sufficient sum of money. Only one technological secret exists
which the GRU is incapable of obtaining. Even if it did obtain it, the Soviet
system would not be able to copy it since for that, the whole structure of
communism would have to be changed. Yet this technological secret is of vital
importance to the Soviet system. It is the Achilles' heel of socialism —
strike at it and socialism will fall to pieces, all invasion, nationalisation
and collectivisation will cease. This secret is nothing more than the means of
producing bread. Socialism, for all its gigantic resources, is not capable of
feeding itself. How easy it would be, one sometimes thinks, to place an embargo
on the supply of bread to the Soviet Union, until Soviet forces no longer found
themselves in occupied Czechoslovakia, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia, until
such time as the Cubans no longer held sway in Africa, until the Berlin Wall
disappeared. It would only be necessary to withhold supplies of grain for a few
months, and the whole edifice of socialism might fall to pieces.
Chapter
Seven
Operational
Intelligence
Operational intelligence marks a complete departure from the kind we
have talked about until now. It embraces intelligence organisations
subordinated to operational units — fronts, fleets, groups of forces,
military districts, armies, flotillas — whose job is to aid in the implementation
of the military activity. Organisationally, the Soviet Army consists of sixteen
military districts and four groups of forces in Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia
and Hungary. In war, or at the time of preparations for war, the groups of
forces and military districts are transformed into fronts and army groups. Each
military district, groups of forces and front has a staff, each with its own
intelligence directorate (called RU or Second Directorate of the Military
District Staff). The chief of the Second Directorate of the Military District
Staff is the chief of all intelligence units of the military district. He is
officially called the head of military district intelligence. All twenty heads
of military district intelligence and groups of forces are under the command of
the head of the GRU Fifth Directorate. The GRU Fifth Directorate supervises the
activity of the intelligence directorates, carries out the posting of senior
officers of operational intelligence, collates the work experience of all operational
intelligence and issues corresponding recommendations and instructions. In
addition, the head of intelligence is subordinated to the chief of the military
district staff. The chief of staff directs the daily activity of the head of
intelligence. The head of intelligence of a military district works exclusively
in the interests of his military district, in conformity with the orders of the
chief of staff and the commander of the military district. At the same time,
all information obtained is forwarded to the GRU too. The role the GRU plays is
to collect information from all heads of intelligence and forward to them
information obtained by other intelligence organs. Sometimes, the intelligence
directorate of the military district may work directly in the interests of the
GRU but this must be done only with the agreement of the military district
commander. The chief of the general staff is the supreme arbiter in disputes
between the commander of the military district and the head of the GRU.
However, in practice such disputes occur extremely rarely.
Each front, group of forces and military district consists of armies.
Normally a front has an air force, a tank army and two to three all-arms
armies. Each army consists of four to seven divisions. Sometimes a corps is
included — two to three divisions. Each army and corps has a staff, among
whose members is an intelligence section which is called RO [Razvedyvatelnyi
otdel] or Army Staff Second Department. The head of the army intelligence
section is the head of all intelligence units belonging to a given army. He
also ranks below two other officers: the chief of staff of his army, and the
chief of intelligence of the military district.
His relationship with his chiefs is based on similar lines. He works
exclusively in the interests of his army, obeying the orders of the army
commander and the army chief of staff. At the same time, all information
acquired by him is also forwarded to the intelligence chief of the military
district. A reciprocal arrangement exists whereby the intelligence chief of the
military district forwards information to his heads of army intelligence which
he has received from other armies, the intelligence directorates of the
military districts and the GRU.
The Soviet navy consists of four fleets, the Northern, Pacific, Black
Sea and Baltic fleets. Each of the fleets is the equal of a military district,
group of forces, and front, and has a staff which includes an intelligence
directorate or Naval Staff Second Directorate. Its head is the chief of Naval
Intelligence. The naval directorates have the same organisation as those in
military districts, fronts and groups of forces. The difference lies in the
fact that while the army directorates are subordinated directly to the Fifth
Directorate of the GRU, the four naval directorates fall under an organisation
called naval intelligence. In its turn naval intelligence comes under the head
of the GRU and is controlled by the Fifth Directorate. The reason for this
extra organisational step is that ships of all four fleets frequently operate
in all oceans as combined squadrons. For this reason the ships need
information, not about a narrow sector like the troops of a military district,
but on a much wider scale.
Naval intelligence was created to co-ordinate naval information from
every ocean of the world, and is a component of the High Staff of the Navy of
the USSR. In addition to its normal powerful apparatus for gathering
information, there is also the naval cosmic intelligence department. The Soviet
Union therefore possesses two independent cosmic intelligence organisations,
the GRU's own and the Navy's cosmic intelligence organisation. Although naval
cosmic intelligence works in the interests of the High Commander of the Soviet
Navy, all information from it is handed over to the GRU. The co-operation
between the two cosmic services is co-ordinated by the chief of the General
Staff. Should a very serious situation arise, the same task may be set at the
same time to both services and the results arrived at then collated and
compared.
The organisation of intelligence directorates (RUs) on the staffs of
military districts, groups of forces, fronts and fleets is standardised. The
intelligence directorate consists of five departments and two groups:
First Department or Department of Reconnaissance directs the activities
of the reconnaissance units of the tactical wing, that is, reconnaissance
battalions of divisions and reconnaissance companies of regiments. In naval
terminology this department is called the Ship Reconnaissance Department. It
directs the collection of information which comes directly from serving surface
vessels and submarines at sea, bearing in mind that what is meant here are
normal warships and not special intelligence collecting ships. The training of
officers of First Departments is carried out in the intelligence faculty of the
Frunze Military Academy and the corresponding faculty of the Naval Academy. The
officers of First Departments are usually experienced army and navy officers
who have considerable experience of service in reconnaissance units.
Second Department or Department of Agent Intelligence is concerned with
the recruitment of secret agents and the obtaining through them of intelligence
information of interest to the staff. The recruitment of agents and the
creation of agent networks is carried out on the territories of contiguous
countries where the military district concerned would expect to operate in
war-time. Naval Intelligence is interested in recruiting agents from all territories,
especially in large ports and naval bases. An intelligence centre and three or
four intelligence points are subordinated to the Second Department which is
directly concerned with agent work.
The centre is concerned with the recruitment of agents in the contiguous
state, whereas the intelligence points only recruit agents in specific sectors
and areas. They work independently from one another, although they are
co-ordinated by the chief of the Second Department. The training of officers
for work in the Second Departments and also in centres and points is carried
out by the Third Faculty of the Military-Diplomatic Academy (the Academy of the
Soviet Army).
The Third Department or Spetsnaz Department is concerned with the
preparation and carrying out of diversionary acts on enemy territory, the
liquidation of political and military leaders, the destruction of lines of
communication and supply and the carrying out of terrorist operations with the
aim of undermining the enemy's will to continue fighting. A Spetsnaz
intelligence point is subordinated to this department and this carries out the
recruitment of agent-terrorists on the territory of any possible future enemy.
There is also a Spetsnaz brigade which consists of 1,300 cut- throat soldiers.
The officers who work in the Spetsnaz intelligence points and those who direct
their activities in the Third Department are trained, rather incongruously, in
the Third Faculty of the Military-Diplomatic Academy, although for the Spetsnaz
brigade and the officers connected with it training takes place in the Frunze
Academy. Analogous organisations can be seen in the Navy, with this difference:
the brigades are called Spetsnaz naval brigades (not to be confused with Naval
infantry brigades) and the same 'diplomats' direct the activity of all agent-
assassins in the fleets.
The Fourth Department or Information Department carries out the
collection and collation of all intelligence coming into the intelligence
directorate.
The Fifth Department is occupied with electronic intelligence, and this
department directs two regiments, the Radio Intelligence Regiment and the
Radio-Technical Intelligence Regiment. Radio Intelligence carries out the
interception of radio signals and Radio-Technical Intelligence is concerned
with tracking emissions from the enemy's radar.
The Intelligence Directorate Technical Facilities Group is occupied with
the interpretation of air photographs. The training of specialists for such
work is carried on at the Second Kharkov Higher Military Aviation and
Engineering School.
The Interpreters' Group or 'the Inquisition' deals with the deciphering
and translation of documents obtained, and with the interrogation of prisoners
of war. Specialists for this group are prepared at the Military Institute (of
Foreign Languages).
The Intelligence Department of the Army Staff
This may be seen as an intelligence directorate in miniature. It has
very similar organisation: First Group or Reconnaissance Group: analagous to
the First Department of an Intelligence Directorate and concerned with
directing tactical reconnaissance, the difference being that it is only
responsible for the divisions of one army, whereas the First Department of an
Intelligence Directorate is responsible for all the divisions of its military district;
Second Group or Secret Intelligence Group; Third Group or Spetsnaz Group:
responsible for terrorist acts in the area of operations of its army — a
specialist company of 115 cut-throat soldiers is part of it; Fourth
Group — Informational; Fifth Group which commands two battalions, radio
intelligence and radio-technical intelligence -the Intelligence Department
likewise has its own interpreters.
It would be a mistake to think that operational agent intelligence is a
kind of second-class citizen compared with strategic intelligence. Every
intelligence directorate is a kind of GRU in miniature with its electronic
facilities, information services, secret agents and even, where the fleet is
concerned, its independent cosmic service. During the course of a war, or
immediately before war breaks out, the power of an intelligence directorate is
immeasurably increased by the infiltration in the enemy's rear of thousands of
Spetsnaz saboteurs. The intelligence directorates taken altogether form a very
powerful intelligence conglomerate, in no way inferior in its scope to
strategic intelligence. In other words the GRU, in the form of strategic and
operational intelligence, has created two agent networks independent of one
another and each duplicating the other. In countries like Norway, Sweden, West
Germany, Austria, Turkey, Afghanistan and China the operational intelligence
agent network by far exceeds strategic intelligence in strength, effectiveness
and invulnerability. This can be confirmed by examining the task of the
different intelligence directorates:
Northern Fleet — covering Norway, Great Britain, France, Spain,
Portugal, Canada and the USA. There is no doubt that Northern Fleet
intelligence is mainly restricted to targets on the sea shore or coastline,
although this certainly does not preclude deep agent penetration of the whole
territory of the country being investigated, including the central government
organs.
Baltic Fleet — covering Sweden, Denmark, West Germany.
Black Sea Fleet — covering Turkey and the whole Mediterranean
coastline.
Pacific Fleet — covering the USA, Japan, China, Canada and all
countries of the Pacific Basin.
Leningrad Military District — Norway and Sweden. Agent intelligence
work is not carried out on Finnish territory, since this country is well inside
the Soviet sphere of influence, and its behaviour pleases the Kremlin much more
than that of certain Warsaw pact countries, for example, Romania.
Baltic Military District — Sweden, Denmark.
Soviet Groups of Forces in Germany, the Northern Group of Forces in
Poland, the Byelorussian Military District — all are concerned with the
study of the German Federal Republic.
Central Group of Forces in Czechoslovakia — covering the German
Federal Republic and Austria.
Southern Group of Forces in Hungary — Austria.
Carpathian Military District — covering Greece and Turkey from
Bulgarian territory.
Kiev and Odessa Military District — Turkey, Austria.
Trans-Caucasian Military District — Turkey, Iran.
Turkestan Military District — Iran, Afghanistan.
Mid-Asian Military District — Afghanistan, China.
Trans-Baikal and Far Eastern Military Districts — China.
Moscow, Northern Caucasian, Volga, Ural and Siberian Military
Districts — these do not run agent networks in peace time.
Taking two countries, West Germany and Turkey, as examples, let us
analyse the strengths and facilities of strategic and operational intelligence
networks and likewise the KGB networks:
West Germany has been infiltrated by: the GRU strategic agent network;
several illegal residencies and agent groups; five undercover residencies in
Bonn and Cologne, and three Soviet-controlled missions in British, American and
French sectors; the Berlin direction of the GRU; it is also covered by the GRU
operational agent network. Here, completely independently, work is also carried
out by the intelligence directorate of the Baltic Fleet, Soviet troops in
Germany, and the Northern and Central groups of forces in the Byelorussian
Military District. In other words West Germany is subject to the attentions of:
the agent networks of five intelligence centres; fifteen to eighteen
intelligence points plus five intelligence points belonging to the Spetsnaz
group; five Spetsnaz brigades and up to fifteen to twenty separate Spetsnaz
companies belonging to the same organisation which are at full alert to carry
out terrorist acts (the total number of cut-throats is up to 8,000 men). This
accounts only for GRU activities. The KGB agent network also runs several
illegal residencies and agent groups and two undercover residencies in Bonn and
Cologne.
Turkey contains a similar proliferation of Soviet espionage: a GRU
strategic agent network in the form of an illegal residency and two undercover
residencies in Ankara and Istanbul; a GRU operational network in the form of
five intelligence centres belonging to the Carpathian, Odessa, Kiev and
Trans-Caucasian Military Districts, and the Black Sea fleet; fifteen to twenty
intelligence points, plus five Spetsnaz intelligence points and a corresponding
quantity of Spetsnaz brigades. The KGB provides a strategic network (one
illegal residency and two undercover residencies); and a KGB operational
network. This network is subordinated to the KGB frontier troops.
These two examples provide a blueprint for intelligence activity in many
other countries, especially those having common frontiers with the Soviet Union
or its satellites.
The basic difference in working methods between strategic and
operational intelligence in the GRU is that officers of operational
intelligence do not in peace-time work on the territories of target countries.
All operations concerning the identification of suitable candidates, their
vetting, testing, recruitment, training and all practical work are carried out
on the territories within the Eastern bloc or from inside its frontiers. It may
be thought that operational intelligence does not have the range and potential
of the strategic branch, whose officers mainly work abroad, but this is not so.
Without the possibility of recruiting foreigners in their own countries,
operational intelligence seeks and finds other ways of establishing the
necessary contacts. Its officers exploit every avenue of approach to attract
foreigners visiting the Soviet Union and its satellites into their network.
Prime attention is paid to students undergoing instruction in Soviet higher
educational institutes, and to specialists visiting the Soviet Union as members
of delegations. Naval intelligence actively works against sailors from foreign
ships calling at Soviet ports, and operational intelligence is equally careful
to study the affairs of Soviet and Eastern bloc citizens who have relatives in
countries of interest to it.
Operational intelligence is quite unceremonious in using methods of
pressurising its candidates, seeing that the recruitment of foreigners is
taking place on its own territory. Having recruited one foreigner, the
intelligence directorate then uses him for selecting and recruiting other
candidates without a Soviet officer taking part. Frequently, one recruitment on
Soviet territory is sufficient for the agent who has been recruited to return
to his country and recruit several more agents. Contact between agents who have
been recruited and their case officers in the Soviet Union is usually carried
out by non-personal channels — radio, secret writing, microdots,
dead-letter boxes — and couriers are greatly used, too, people like train
drivers and conductors, crew members of aircraft and ships and lorry drivers.
Personal contact with operational intelligence agents is only carried out on
Soviet bloc territory. There exist numerous examples where meetings with agents
take place only once every five to seven years, and cases are known where
agents have never met their case officer and have never been either on Soviet
or satellite territory. A useful example is that of a lorry driver belonging to
a large transport company who was recruited by Soviet operational intelligence
whilst visiting Czechoslovakia. Subsequently, having returned to his own
country, he recruited a friend who worked in an armaments factory and his
brother who lived not far from a very large military airport. The lorry driver
only occasionally visited eastern Europe and rarely had contact with Soviet
officers because there was always a driver's mate with him. However, every time
a journey to eastern Europe was planned, he notified his case officers in good
time by means of postcards. Postcards with pre- arranged texts were sent to
different addresses in the Eastern bloc and every time the driver crossed into Soviet-controlled
territory, officers met him either at customs, or in the restaurant or even the
lavatory, to give him short instructions and money. The meetings were carried
out in the shortest possible time so that the driver's mate would not suspect
anything.
The absence of contact with agents outside territory under the control
of the Soviet Union gives GRU operational intelligence exceptional advantages.
Firstly, it is extremely difficult to unmask and expose such agents; secondly,
and perhaps more important, the Soviet officers of operational intelligence
have no chance to defect to the West and expose the activities of the agents
recruited by them. (In strategic intelligence this occurs quite regularly but
we have as yet not one example of it happening amongst operational intelligence
officers.)
Yet another important advantage of operational intelligence, and one
which gives it exceptional invulnerability, is its diversification. A defecting
officer from strategic intelligence can say a lot about the activities of the
central apparatus of the GRU, but an officer of the operational network who did
succeed in defecting would be able to reveal only one or two intelligence
points or centres — and there are more than a hundred of these in the
Soviet Army. Each of them is carefully isolated from the others and, to a great
extent, camouflaged. Centres and points are mostly found on the premises of
military buildings of exceptional importance, and consequently with the maximum
possible protection. Even if an officer did succeed in disclosing the true
significance of a particular building, he could only say that it was, for
example, a store for nuclear weapons or a rocket depot; it would be almost
impossible to determine that in addition there was also an intelligence point.
Cases are known where intelligence points have been located on the premises of
the personal country houses of important generals or the well-guarded premises
of punishment battalions (in other words, military prisons). And the
diversification of the operational networks in no way indicates the absence of
co-ordination. All these organs and organisations are included in a rigid
pyramid system headed by the Fifth GRU Directorate (in turn, of course, subject
to the head of the GRU). However, in the activities of the intelligence
directorates there exists a certain freedom which invariably engenders useful
intiative. The GRU central apparatus prefers not to interfere in the daily
running of the intelligence directorates provided that they work in a productive
manner and toe the line. The GRU will occasionally interfere, in cases where
two different directorates have recruited the same agent, although it will
always encourage a situation where different intelligence directorates recruit
agents for the same target. For example, the intelligence directorate of a
group of forces once recruited an agent for an important scientific research
target. Unwittingly the intelligence directorate of another group of forces
recruited another agent for the same target. Both agents provided almost
identical information which was eventually received in Moscow where it was
carefully analysed. The moment one of the agents began to provide false
information, it was spotted by the Fifth Directorate which demanded that work should
stop with one agent and that there should be greater vigilance in the work with
the other agent. Independent penetration is, as we know, practised at all
levels in the GRU. The head of an intelligence point may check his agents and
reveal negative aspects in their work in good time. The heads of intelligence
in military districts check the heads of points and centres and the head of the
GRU checks his heads of military district intelligence. An illegal agent
network may be used to check the agents of the undercover residencies and
operational agent networks and vice-versa. Of course nobody suspects that he is
engaged in checking somebody else. All anybody knows is that he is procuring
material for the GRU.
Spetsnaz intelligence is the sharpest and most effective weapon in the
hands of the heads of intelligence directorates or departments. It consists of
two elements — Spetsnaz agents and Spetsnaz detachments. Spetsnaz agents
are recruited by an intelligence point, and the whole process of recruiting and
running agent-saboteurs is identical to the work with ordinary agents of
operational intelligence. However, their tasks differ in essence. The basic
task of the procurement agent is to provide necessary information. The task of
the Spetsnaz agent is to carry out terrorist acts. Intelligence directorates
try to recruit these agents from within the most important economic and
transport targets. On receipt of orders, they must be able and willing to carry
out acts of sabotage upon these targets. For the GRU the most important thing
is to render unserviceable power and transport targets, electric power
stations, electric power lines, oil and gas pipelines, bridges, tunnels and
railway equipment. Great stress is placed on carrying out acts of sabotage
which will have a strong effect on the morale of the inhabitants over a wide
area, such as the blowing up of a large dam or the burning of oil storage
tanks. Spetsnaz agents form the so-called 'sleeping' agent network which does
no work in peace-time but springs into action the moment hostilities break out.
Operational intelligence tries to limit its meetings with these agents to
exceptional cases.
The Spetsnaz detachment is quite different. It is the true elite of the
Soviet armed forces. Its members are crack soldiers and officers. On Soviet
territory they wear the uniform of airborne troops, on satellite territories
they are disguised as auxiliary detachments, normally signals units. (Of course
they have no connection with airborne troops or signals. Eight divisions of
airborne troops are subject to the commander of airborne forces, who in his
turn is answerable only to the Minister of Defence. The airborne forces form a
strategic element acting exclusively in the interests of the higher command.)
Spetsnaz detachments are an organ of the operational field and act in the
interests of fronts, fleets and armies. The Soviet Army includes four naval
Spetsnaz brigades (one to each fleet); sixteen Spetsnaz brigades — one to
each group of forces and the basic military districts; and forty-one separate
companies.
A Spetsnaz brigade consists of a headquarters company, three or four
airborne battalions and support detachments. In all there are 900 to 1,300
soldiers and officers ready to carry out terrorist operations in the rear of
the enemy. A Spetsnaz naval brigade is similar, containing a headquarters
company, a group of midget submarines, a battalion of parachutists and two or
three battalions of frogmen. Sometimes the Spetsnaz naval brigade is confused
with the brigade of the fleet marine infantry, mainly because naval Spetsnaz
use the uniform of marine infantry to disguise their soldiers and officers.
Spetsnaz companies in armies and tank armies consist of three platoons of
saboteurs and one communications platoon. This means that, all told, there are
in peace-time alone 27,000 to 30,000 first-class saboteurs available. During
mobilisation this number can be increased by four- or five-fold by recalling
reservists who have previously served in these detachments.
The deployment of saboteurs in the enemy's rear is normally carried out
by parachute, though in the fleets frogmen also take part. Spetsnaz hardly ever
use helicopters, because the deployment generally takes place at a considerable
distance from the front line. Small groups of Spetsnaz brigades are dropped at
a depth of 500 to 1,000 kilometres to act in the interests of the frontal
forces who will be attacking through areas cleared by atomic action, air
attacks and sabotage activities. Simultaneously with the dropping of the front
brigade, each army taking part carries out the dropping of its own Spetsnaz
companies. These are also dropped in small groups, a maximum of fifteen
consisting of five or six men each, at depths of 100 to 500 kilometres. There
are usually three or four armies and one tank army in each front, so in the
course of an attack at a frontal level there are one brigade and four or five
separate companies operating at a depth from 100 to 1,000 kilometres in the
rear of the enemy. In other words around 250 groups totalling 1,500 to 1,700
men. It must be added that, on West German territory for example, preparations
are in hand for not one, but four or five fronts to operate. At the same time
the Spetsnaz agents are activated.
The Spetsnaz detachments have two basic duties: the destruction of the
system of the State government and its armies, that is the destruction of
staff, command points, networks and lines of communication; and the destruction
of nuclear weapons and the means of supplying them — attacks on depots and
stores of nuclear weaponry and rockets, aerodromes, rocket launchers and
launching pads. Simultaneously with these two basic tasks, the Spetsnaz
detachments strive to disorganise the internal life of the State and Army and
to sow uncertainty and panic.
In carrying out the first task, the leading role is allocated to the
staff companies of the Spetsnaz brigades. These companies differ from other
detachments of Spetsnaz in that they are not manned by soldiers who are serving
their time, but by professional men, 'ensigns'. These Spetsnaz staff companies
are specially trained for the kidnapping or destruction of State leaders of the
enemy, members of the government and senior military commanders. Their
existence is cloaked in the very strictest secrecy. Frequently, many officers
and sergeants of Spetsnaz brigades do not even suspect the existence of such
companies in their brigades. They are kept apart from the normal brigade and
camouflaged as parachutists, boxers, wrestlers, unarmed combat experts, marksmen,
even sports teams of the military district. The staff company of the Spetsnaz
brigade is the only unit which carries out its tasks not in camouflaged uniform
but in civilian clothes or in the military or police uniform of the enemy.
These companies are also the only ones amongst the Spetsnaz detachments which,
in the course of military operations, may establish contact and act together
with the agent-saboteurs of Spetsnaz. All the remaining units of saboteurs
undertake night flights, mine-laying and the seizure of prisoners in order to
obtain information. Tanks and other armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs) belonging
to the enemy are of special interest for saboteurs, and all groups have the
task of making sudden attacks on AFVs with the aim of stealing them for future
use in attacks against given targets. Several groups may take part in an attack
on a certain target, and after the attack they will disperse and go their own
ways. There is a constant alternation between the collecting of information and
the carrying out of sabotage acts. A group may collect information on enemy
troop movements in a certain region and transmit the information to its staff,
then it may destroy a rocket launcher in another area, then go on to collect
more information on troop movements. Everything depends on the tasks set to the
group and the initiative of the group commander. When prisoners are taken, the
saboteurs know no laws or humanity in their methods of interrogation; nobody
who has been in any way connected with Spetsnaz will deny their brutality,
which extends even to their own members, because speed of results is paramount.
They will kill their own wounded -the group cannot transport a wounded man, nor
can it let him fall into the hands of the enemy. And if a rocket launcher or an
aircraft carrying nuclear weapons is ready for action, they will attack it even
if it means the inevitable destruction of the entire group.
Let us examine one case study which underlines both the importance and
effectiveness of operational intelligence. The greatest interest for the staff
of military districts is not the political situation or technology but pure
military information: the deployment, numbers, equipment and plans of the
troops of a probable enemy in sectors where an attack by Soviet forces is
likely. An agent who had been recruited by the second department of the
intelligence directorate of the Byelorussian Military District on West German
territory selected places for parachute landings by the Spetsnaz groups. He
photographed these locations and made diagrams. Obviously, since the prime
motive was sabotage, his choices were near important bridges, dams and narrow
passes in lakeland areas. His photographs were transported by courier into East
Germany to one of the intelligence points of the Byelorussian Military
District. Copies were also sent to the third and fourth departments of the
Byelorussian Military District intelligence directorate. While they were being
studied, an officer noticed a group of American soldiers who kept on appearing
in close-up. The soldiers were doing something at a kind of metal hatchway on
the side of the road, and the suggestion was put forward that they were laying
a cable for military communications. This was scotched by officers of the fifth
department who had been invited for consultations and who said categorically
that the Americans would not have a cable in that region. The laying of
military cable on West German territory would in any case be discovered by
agents of the military district. In the opinion of the signals officers, the
photographs showed that the soldiers' work was unlikely to be concerned with
cables. The photographs were immediately dispatched to the GRU information
service, where a new suggestion was put forward. Could these not be
anti-personnel land mines which are prepared in peace-time where Soviet
sabotage units might be active in the event of war? This suggestion greatly
alarmed the GRU leadership. The fifth directorate immediately gave orders to
all intelligence directorates running agents in West Germany to pay particular
attention to the activities of small groups of soldiers in the neighbourhood of
important bridges, dams, railway stations and crossroads. At the same time, the
first GRU directorate gave similar orders to all its residents in West Germany.
A month later, the information service of the GRU had at its disposal thousands
of photographs of groups of soldiers working at metallic hatchways. Every
hatchway that had been discovered was marked on a map. This alone did not
permit a final conclusion to be drawn about the significance of the hatchways,
and the GRU had a series of enlargements taken from a distance of not more than
one metre. The photographic interpreters were interested to see that the
thickness of the hatchways was no greater than that of the wall of a good safe,
but the locks would have been the envy of any bank. This led to the opinion
that the land mines were of a more complicated design. Further analysis showed
that the mine-shafts were very deep, and sometimes placed at some hundreds of
metres from the object which they were supposed to destroy in case of war. It
was this which finally convinced the specialists that it was not a case of
ordinary land mines, but of a nuclear variety, whose purpose was not to counter
a parachute attack but to halt all Soviet troops in case they began an attack
on Europe. Simultaneously, one of the GRU residencies on West German territory
acquired documentary evidence confirming the conclusions of the information
service.
The possibility of nuclear land mines being used completely disrupted
all Soviet plans for a blitzkrieg attack on Europe. The general staff, the
Ministry of Defence and the Central Committee would now have to find new ways
of attack, new methods of employing their troops and ways and means of
surmounting strong radioactive fallout caused by the underground explosions. In
a word, all tactics, operational methods and strategic plans would have to be
changed. All this was thanks to the fact that the new NATO tactics had become
known to the general staff in good time.
Chapter
Eight
Tactical
Reconnaissance
There is yet another level to the practice of military intelligence.
Intelligence organs and detachments subject to tactical units and formations of
divisional strength and below, which facilitate their military operations, come
under the heading of tactical reconnaissance. Their activities are under the
full control of operational intelligence, which of course comes under the
control of the GRU central apparatus. So all tactical reconnaissance organs
have, in exactly the same way as operational intelligence organs, a twofold
subordination. The head of reconnaissance of a division is subordinated to the
chief of army intelligence, more accurately the first group of the Army
Intelligence Department. The chief of regimental reconnaissance is subordinate
to the regimental chief of staff and the chief of divisional reconnaissance.
Each motorised-rifle and tank division has on its strength an independent
reconnaissance battalion. The word 'independent' shows that the battalion does
not form part of the regiment but is directly subject to the divisional staff.
Each of the four motorised-rifle and tank regiments on the strength of a
division has a reconnaissance company. Reconnaissance companies are controlled
by the regimental reconnaissance chiefs. Artillery and anti- aircraft missile
regiments are not included as their reconnaissance detachments are not active
in the enemy's rear.
A divisional independent reconnaissance battalion consists of a
headquarters, a deep reconnaissance company, two reconnaissance companies, a
company electronic reconnaissance and auxiliary services.
Deep Reconnaissance
The deep reconnaissance company is the smallest but the best of all the
companies and batteries of the division. There are twenty-seven men in the
company including six officers and an ensign. It has a small headquarters of
the commander and a sergeant-major, and five reconnaissance groups of four men,
each with an officer at its head. There is a total of six jeeps, each group
having one and one for the commander.
The company's task is to discover and destroy enemy rocket launchers in
its divisional sector. Deep reconnaissance groups are deployed in the enemy's
rear by helicopter, either with or without their jeeps, to depths of from
thirty to 100 kilometres.
On discovering an enemy rocket installation, the group immediately
reports it to the staff. Should the rocket be ready for launching, the group
must attack it. However, unlike the Spetsnaz groups, the group will not kill
its wounded unless the action is on foot — a rare occurrence. The deep
reconnaissance company may also be called upon to kidnap staff officers and to
hunt for their staffs, but only in cases where the commander of a division is
certain that there are no enemy nuclear facilities in his divisional sector.
The Reconnaissance Companies of the Battalion have exactly similar
organisation. In each company there are three tanks, seven reconnaissance
vehicles and ten motorcycles.
The Electronic Reconnaissance Companies have eighty men and thirty
vehicles with electronic equipment. The company operates only from its own
territory. Among its tasks are intercepting and deciphering radio conversations
of the enemy, taking bearings on radio stations and radio locators, and
monitoring the extent to which its own side observes radio security
regulations.
Each motor-rifle and tank regiment has its own reconnaissance company.
Regimental companies operate at a depth of up to fifty kilometres as against
the battalion company's operation to eighty kilometres. All these companies
penetrate enemy territory under their own power, using gaps in the enemy's
defence. The basic method of obtaining information is the capture and cruel interrogation
of prisoners.
The Soviet army has approximately 180 motor-rifle and tank divisions.
Many of these, especially those deployed in the rear, are under strength.
Undermanning is never allowed, however, in the case of reconnaissance
detachments. There is about the same number of independent reconnaissance
battalions, and there are also about 700 regimental reconnaissance companies.
In other words there are about 95,000 men directly under GRU command in
tactical reconnaissance. We have not included in this number the strength of
chemical, engineering and artillery reconnaissance companies independent of
these.
Chapter
Nine
These are the educational institutions which take part in the training
of personnel for Soviet military intelligence: the Intelligence Faculty at the
General Staff Academy; the Training Centre of Illegals; the Military-
Diplomatic Academy; the Reconnaissance Faculty of the Frunze Military Academy;
the Reconnaissance Faculty of the Naval Academy; the Special Faculty of the
Military Signals Academy; the Military Institute of Foreign Languages; the
Cherepovetski Higher Military Engineering School for Communications; the
Special Faculty of the Higher Military Naval School of Radio Electronics; the Spetsnaz
Faculty of the Ryazan Higher Parachute School; the Reconnaissance Faculty of
the Kiev Higher Military Command School; and the Special Faculty of the Second
Kharkov Higher Military Aviation and Engineering School.
This list gives an impression of the extent of the training of
specialists for the GRU system. Some of these educational establishments are
devoted exclusively to this work, others have only one faculty. However, in any
case, we are talking of many thousands of first-class specialists who go into
military intelligence every year. All the higher military schools give
instruction at university level to their students. The best of these
subsequently enter the academies which provide a second university education.
Students entering the Soviet Army's higher military training
establishments undergo a period of instruction which lasts for four to five
years. The minimum age is seventeen, maximum twenty-four. Candidates must have
finished secondary education and be of normal mental and physical development
with a suitable ideological background. They sit an entrance examination and
are interviewed by a medical commission; they then take a competitive
examination. The vast majority of them have no idea of the true character of
the educational establishment they have chosen. In some cases, the name of the
school gives a reasonably exact idea of the subjects studied in it. The Ulyanov
Guards Higher Tank Command School leaves little to the imagination. But what
does a name like the Serpukhovski Higher Command Engineering School tell us? If
a candidate chooses it, he may be surprised to find himself learning about
strategic missile troops. Signals schools are largely the same — the
candidate has little idea of exactly what subjects are studied there. He selects
one of them, the Cherepovetski school, say, and finds himself in strategic
intelligence. The point is that there is no choice.
Graduates of higher command schools receive the rank of lieutenant and a
university diploma on graduating. Graduates of higher military engineering
schools receive the rank of engineer lieutenant and an engineering diploma.
After graduation, the officer is posted to a unit on the instructions of the
General Staff, and from the first day of his service his fight with his fellow officers
for the right of entry to the academy begins. The academy is the passport to
the higher echelons of the Army. Without passing through the academy, the
officer may serve on until major or lieutenant-colonel level at the most.
Success in the academy opens wide horizons and speeds up progress on the
promotion ladder. The officer may submit his first application to the academy
after three years of service. The application is confirmed at every level of
command, beginning with his immediate superior. Any higher commander may hold
up the application under any pretext: that the officer is too young; too old;
too stupid; or too clever. In which case the officer will put off his
application until the next year ... and the next year, and so on possibly for all
his twenty-five years of service.
There are more than fifteen military academies in the Soviet Army, but
for most officers it does not matter which one he gets into. The important
thing is to get into one of them. If his commanders decide that an officer is
suitable, he must still pass examinations and undergo a rigorous entrance
competition. The period of study at all the academies is three years, and they
are all similar bar one, the General Staff Academy. To enter it there is no
competition and no examinations, nor are there applications for entry.
Candidates are selected by the Central Committee from the number of the most
successful and dedicated colonels and generals up to and including
colonel-general, who have already completed their study at one of the military
academies.
The General Staff Academy is the passport to the very highest levels of
Soviet military leadership. The colonel or general continues to serve and never
suspects that he may suddenly receive from the Central Committee an invitation
to attend yet a third spell of university education. The General Staff Academy
is the highest dream of the most eager careerists.
Let us examine the progress of an intelligence officer on the promotion
ladder. As a graduate of the intelligence faculty of the Kiev Higher Command
School, for example, he will be posted to the command of a reconnaissance
detachment of a regiment or division. Here begins the officer's gradual upward
movement on the service ladder, from platoon commander to company commander to commander
of regimental reconnaissance and deputy commander of reconnaissance battalions.
To secure further promotion, the officer must now enter the reconnaissance
faculty of the Frunze military academy. This same faculty is also open to
graduates of the Spetsnaz faculty of the Ryazan Higher Parachute School. All
officers study there together and then return to their own units, only this
time with a higher command.
So far all this is straightforward, provided that the officer's
superiors co- operate in signing the necessary documents. But one institute,
the Military Institute instructing in foreign languages, is rather peculiar.
This is a privileged establishment for the children of the highest echelons of
the Soviet Army. The Institute exists on the same basis as the Military
Academy, although young people enter it according to the rules laid down for
military schools. This means, in fact, that a candidate's father has only to
worry about placing his little son on the first rung of the military ladder and
the ladder itself will move upwards.
The period of study in the institute is from five to seven years
depending on the faculty. The student receives education to the level of that
of the military school and the rank of lieutenant; he then proceeds with his training
as he would in a normal military academy. That is to say, these scions of the
military aristocracy are spared the rigours of genuine military service as well
as the cruel competition between officers for the right of entry to a military
academy. Everything proceeds automatically.
The Institute is not only a stepping-stone to the highest Army ranks,
but to the highest ranks of the KGB too. The conditions of acceptance are
naturally graded according to rank: for the children of colonel-generals and higher,
there are no examinations; the children of lieutenant-generals undergo a very
cursory examination; and the children of major-generals undergo the most
rigorous examination. However, in order to soften this clear class distinction,
the Institute every year accepts a ten per cent intake of 'non-aristocrats',
sons of colonels and majors, sometimes even of workers and kolkhozniks.
Discipline and competition are fearsome. Should any student commit the
slightest offence, he is speedily expelled from the Institute in disgrace. But
there is a deeply-entrenched set of privileges too. For the sons of
lieutenant-generals, and colonel-generals even more so, the special entrance
provides for the appointment of individual tutors and the taking of
examinations privately at home, so that the candidate does not get nervous. For
colonel-generals and above, there exists the privilege of being able to send
not only their sons to the Institute, but also their daughters, who constitute
a special little group. The girls are given instruction in French for the sake
of prestige and in English for obvious commercial reasons. They, together with
everybody else, receive officer's rank. They will find their way into the
Ministry of Defence.
After the Institute's final examinations, interested organisations carry
out their selection of the graduates. The first selection is carried out by the
KGB and the GRU according to the principle of 'one for you, one for me'. There
is no friction, firstly because the system has been laid down for many years
and secondly because KGB and GRU have different interests.
The KGB is quite happy to choose the sons of high-ranking, serving KGB
officers, but the GRU devotes its attentions largely to the proletarian ten per
cent. For two principal reasons the GRU has had a long-standing rule that it
will not admit the sons of high-placed parents into its organisation, nor will
it admit children of GRU officers whatever post they occupy. Only after a
father retires from the GRU can his son be considered for admission. The
reasoning goes that if a son is refused something the father may refuse the
same thing to all his subordinates. Secondly, there is no father who really
wants to risk his own career by linking it with that of a son who is on agent
work and to whom anything could happen. This principle of the GRU's has to a
very great extent eradicated corruption in the selection of officers, although
corruption flourishes in other GRU fields of activity. (The KGB has adopted
diametrically opposed principles. Everywhere within it are the children of
Tchekists, frequently under the direct supervision of their fathers. This is
justified by the false notion of handing down traditions from father to son.)
***
The unclassified name of the institution is 'military unit 35576'. Its
secret designation is the Soviet Army Academy. Its top secret designation is
the Military-Diplomatic Academy of the Soviet Army. Regardless of the abundance
of names, none gives any idea of what is studied there. If somebody wanted to
convey an idea of its activities by means of a name, then that name would most
probably be something like the Military Academy of Agent Intelligence. Very few
people inside the Soviet Union know of the existence of this academy, and
should any officer ever hear a rumour about it, and write an application to
enter it, immediate enquiries would be made to establish the source of the
information. One may rest assured that a culprit would be found and put in
prison for spreading government secrets. For spreading a secret like the
existence of the Soviet Army Academy the sentence is ten years in prison,
perhaps fifteen, perhaps even the 'ultimate sanction'. Those connected with the
Academy understand this rule and obey it enthusiastically.
The GRU seeks out candidates for the Academy and secretly suggests to
officers that they should enter. Before making this proposal to an officer, the
officer will of course have been very carefully checked out by the GRU, who
must not only be certain that he will agree but will also have obliged him to
sign a document about the divulging of military secrets. In this document are
described all the unpleasant things which await him, should he decide to share
his secrets with anybody else. However, they do not tell him any secrets. They simply
tell him that there exists a certain academy which is keen to welcome him as a
student. To his question as to what sort of studies he will undergo, he
receives the answer that the work is very interesting. There will be no
soldiers and no hierarchy of rank, and the conditions of life are vastly better
than those of any other organisation known to him.
At the outset this is all they will entrust to him. The GRU holds nobody
against his will and is perfectly frank about future privileges. For the GRU
officer who completes the Academy, success is assured — unless he makes a
mistake, in which case retribution is equally swift. He may either be deprived
of overseas work and be sent instead to work in the central organs of the GRU
in Moscow; he may be deprived of work in the GRU and sent back to the Army; and
finally, he may be shot. All of these punishments, not only the last, are
regarded as harsh in the extreme. The first means the end of overseas life, and
GRU officers are envious even of dustmen overseas. The second means an end to
privilege and the sweet life within the GRU, and a return to the grindstone of
life as an ordinary Soviet officer. The third is only marginally worse.
The Soviet Army Academy is located in Moscow on Narodnogo Opolchenia
Street, but many of its secret branches are scattered all over the place
disguised as innocent offices, flats or hotels. The central building reminds
one of an elegant museum with its Greek colonnade and richly carved
ornamentation. Around it are several large buildings, and the whole is
surrounded by a very high iron lattice-work fence. The area wallows in greenery
so that nothing can be seen. There are no name plates or number plates on the
building. From the outside there is little to indicate that it is secret. Only
sometimes on the upper storeys and in certain windows can one see grilles and
casements covered in cord nets, an indication that within those rooms there is
work on top secret documents being carried out. The string nets are so that no
pieces of paper can be blown out of the windows by draughts.
The Academy is an integral part of the GRU. The chief of the Academy has
the military rank of colonel-general and is a deputy head of the GRU, not of
course first deputy head. The chief of the Academy has four deputies who are
lieutenant-generals beneath him. These are the first deputy and the deputies
for the political, administrative-technical and academic sections.
The first deputy is in charge of the graduate school, four faculties and
academic courses. The political deputy is responsible for the state of
political awareness and the morale of all officers of the Academy. The
administrative-technical deputy is responsible for the personnel department and
the security department (with the commandant's office and a company of security
guards) together with the finance, stores and transport departments. Under him
there are also the libraries, including collections of secret and top secret
literature. The deputy for the academic section has under him the academic sub-faculties
which are headed by major-generals. These sub-faculties are strategic agent
intelligence, operational agent intelligence and Spetsnaz (dealing with the
armed forces of likely enemies), strategic and operational trade-craft of the
Soviet Army, foreign languages and study of countries, history of international
relations and diplomatic practice and, finally, Marxist-Leninist philosophy.
The first and second faculties prepare their students for the central
GRU apparatus. However, the first faculty is called the Special Services
Faculty and the second the Military-Diplomatic Faculty, and it is officially
considered that the first faculty prepares officers for civilian cover —
embassies, civil airlines, merchant navy, trade representations — while the
second faculty prepares its students for military cover. But we must again
remember that Soviet military attaches are the same GRU officers as those who
work under civil cover. They face the same tasks and use the same methods as
all other officers of the GRU. For this reason the instructional programme in
both faculties is absolutely identical. Furthermore, when students have
completed their studies, in whichever of the two faculties that might be, the
GRU will post them under whatever cover they consider suitable. Many of the
officers who have studied in the first faculty will find themselves working in
military organisations and vice- versa. The artificial distinction exists in
order to further the following aims: to confuse Western intelligence services
and to create the illusion that there is some difference between military
attaches and other GRU officers; to segregate the students for security reasons
(a defector will not know all his fellow students, only half — with this
in mind the first faculty is isolated from the central block of the academy
buildings); to simplify control over individual students; and finally, since
the academy is after all designated as a military-diplomatic academy, it seems
wise that not all its faculties should bear names connected with espionage.
The third faculty deals with operational agent intelligence and Spetsnaz
intelligence, preparing officers for intelligence directorates of military
districts. There exists a deep enmity between officers of the first two
faculties and officers of the third. An officer of one of the two strategic
faculties, however newly arrived, feels the very deepest contempt for all those
studying in the third faculty. He will be going abroad but the despised third
faculty student will recruit agents from Soviet or satellite territory only.
But fate can be cruel — and kind. When the worst (usually the most
arrogant) officers have graduated from the strategic faculties, they are sent
to operational agent intelligence; in their place are taken the best of the
officers graduating from the third faculty.
The fourth faculty, like the first, is not located on the academy
premises. Moreover, its individual courses and groups are separated among
themselves in conditions of the strictest secrecy. The fourth faculty trains
foreigners — Poles, Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Bulgars, Mongols and
Cubans. Naturally, not one of these has ever set foot in the academy buildings
and has no idea where the academy is located; equally naturally, the Soviet
trainees in the academy must not have even the slightest contact with their
'brothers'.
For each of these students in the Soviet Army academy, a special
personal cover story will have been worked out. Frequently, many of them will
study for a year in some normal military academy concerned with tank or
artillery studies, for example, before spending their three to four years on
secret premises. And these students do not receive diplomas from the Soviet
Army Academy. Their diplomas come from, for example, the Tank Warfare Academy.
Only a handful of people will know what is hidden under this name.
The academic courses are something different. These are designed not to
provide a complete training, but only partial one, and the period of study is
only one year. They are attended principally by the most experienced officers
and those with the greatest future prospects, who were chosen for entry to
strategic faculties of the academy but then transferred by the GRU into the
diplomatic (civil) or overseas trade academy where they completed a full course
of study. They are considered on a par with the other civil students and carry
out their specialised training in their spare time and receive the same
diplomas as the graduates of the two strategic faculties, having already
received genuine diplomatic diplomas. This is the most secret part of Soviet
intelligence after illegals, for even genuine 'clean' diplomats consider them
their own kind and do not suspect their intelligence connections. The academic
courses are also attended by graduates of the Military Foreign Languages
Institute who have been chosen by the GRU for work abroad. The GRU uses them in
residencies mainly for duties with technical and technical-operational
services. After a first assignment abroad these may, provided they have served
successfully, enter the academy in one of the strategic faculties. Lastly, the
academy receives specialists from other fields whom the GRU invites to work in
technical services or on information work.
There is a post-graduate school too, which prepares scientific personnel
for the GRU and also instructors for the academy itself. An officer who has
completed one of the strategic faculties, and has been abroad on agent work and
shown good results, is accepted by the post-graduate school for a period of
instruction of two to three years during which he must prepare and defend a
scientific dissertation on a subject chosen by himself. The resulting
qualification is a scientific degree, Master of Military Science.
Who is eligible? This is a very complex problem. The candidate who hopes
to please the GRU must fulfil the following conditions: racial purity —
there must be no Jewish blood as far back as the fourth generation (the KGB has
no such restriction); ideological stability and purity; membership of the
communist party; the absence of any contact with overseas, excepting the
'liberation' of Hungary and Czechoslovakia and the 'defence of socialism in
eastern Europe'. He must have a wife and children of complete ideological and
racial purity. He must have strong and reliable family connections, on his own
side and his wife's. There must be no compromising material on the files of any
of their relatives. None of his relatives may have been either prisoners of war
in Germany, nor on Soviet territory under the temporary occupation of German
forces. And there must be no signs whatsoever of alcoholism, sexual
promiscuity, family problems, corruption and so on, nor must the officer have
any prominent distinguishing features or speech defects.
One of the most difficult things in selecting candidates is to find
people who understand the political situation in the world and can clearly see
possible future developments without being secret free-thinkers. Obviously
anyone who is politically inept is not acceptable to the GRU, but if a man is
moderately intelligent, there is always the danger that secret doubts will
begin to penetrate his head. Naturally, when this rare creature is found he is
instantly made to sit meaningless examinations and, from the very first day,
accorded appropriate honours.
In a classless society, everybody is equal and life is therefore happy
and free. All people are friends and brothers and nobody will try to do his
neighbour down. People may pursue their ambitions without let or hindrance. Of
course, if you live in the country, you cannot move to the city, still less the
capital Moscow, without the permission of the Central Committee. Society may be
classless, all right, but it is divided, for the good of the people, into
parts — you have the right to live in the city or you have not. You may
rightly say that you would prefer to live in the city, but you are branded from
birth — if you were born in the country, you must stay there and so must
your children and grandchildren — for their own good. Unless — unless
you do something like become a GRU officer. Immediately, you will find yourself
in Moscow, with a permanent residence permit. This is good news for not only
you, but your children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren
down to the fortieth generation, who will all have Moscow residence permits and
will legally reside in Moscow.
It is as if you had moved onto a higher sphere, as if you and your
relations had suddenly been ennobled. You should draw your family tree on the
wall of your apartment so that future generations of your family will know who
it was who lifted them up to the heights.
In capitalist societies, where everybody is naturally out for each
other's blood, people move around chaotically, causing untold social problems.
These could all be eradicated with the introduction of residence permits on the
Soviet model. The Moscow residence permit, logically, is the first privilege of
a GRU officer. There are others, of course. For example, an ordinary general
staff officer is unable to buy a car during the whole of his life unless of
course he steals or is sent abroad. A GRU officer may in three years buy not
only a car, but also an apartment. Drawing another distinction, it is often
asked how much more a GRU officer abroad earns in comparison with the same
officer in Moscow. It is impossible to answer this question sensibly, because
in Moscow the officer spends money which is to all practical purposes incapable
of buying anything except food of rather inferior quality and equally inferior
clothes. He who is sent abroad, however, receives foreign currency and can buy
everything he needs both while he is abroad and at home in the Soviet Union in
the special foreign currency shops. In possessing foreign currency a GRU
officer becomes a man of completely different class, very sharply distinguished
from all those who do not have it. Special shops and restaurants are open to
him, where he can buy anything he wants, without queueing. The ordinary Soviet
citizen, including the general staff officer or even the GRU officer who does
not serve abroad, may not even enter these shops.
So Soviet society is as racial as it can possibly be, only race is not
determined by the colour of your skin but by whether you have the right to
travel abroad or not. Imagine any country, France perhaps, putting up outside
shops the announcement that: 'Nobody of French nationality is allowed to enter
this shop. Only those on the list of the Central Committee of the Communist
Party are admitted.' But in the Soviet Union there are everywhere shops,
hotels, restaurants which Russians may not enter, because they are Russian.
Life for a GRU officer possessing foreign currency is on an infinitely wider
scale than for the 270 million who are deprived of the right to hold foreign
currency. And once he has become a representative of the upper class, he
becomes inordinately jealous of his right, fearing above anything the loss of
the privilege which allows him to travel abroad. This is why he defends himself
against any revelation about his own person, against any, even the most
insignificant, contacts with the police. This is why he tries to hide from his
superiors even the smallest shortcomings. This is why he is capable of any
dirty trick upon anybody, including his own comrades, when what is at stake is
whether he should remain another year in a hot, humid, subtropical
posting — or return early to Moscow.
For a GRU officer, there are countries in which he dreams of working.
There are also countries in which he would rather not work. There are cities he
dreams of, and cities he sees in nightmares.
The dream city for a GRU officer is Peking. Its infernal counterpart—
Tokyo. This might appear strange, because for the top brass of the GRU quite
the reverse is true: Tokyo is heaven, Peking hell. But the interests of a GRU
officer are directly opposed to the interests of the top brass. The top brass
desire high productivity, while the work force has rather different aims.
Imagine that you are lucky and are posted to China. What awaits you? A
vast, splendid embassy behind high walls. Chit-chat with colleagues from other
embassies, gossip about the state of health of the Chinese leaders and the
Ambassador's wife. After five years your return home, obviously without having
recruited any agents. But nobody will bawl you out for it, you will not have
your epaulettes torn off, no one will call you lazy or a coward. Everyone
understands that you have been in hell, where serious work is impossible....
And now imagine that you are an unlucky spy and the GRU post you to
Tokyo. Both you and the GRU top brass know that there are no laws against
spying there, that conditions for spying are ideal. So what awaits you?
Exhausting stressful work, fifteen to seventeen hours a day, with no rest days
and no feast days. No matter how many secrets you manage to acquire it will
never be enough. No matter how many agents you recruit it will never be enough.
Your paradise will be snowed under with cipher cables from Moscow addressed to
the resident saying: 'You have seventy operational officers! Where's your
productivity? What you managed to get yesterday we have already received from
Hong Kong! From Berlin! From illegals! Where are the secrets!!!???' You may
rest assured that this question is put by the GRU daily to the resident—who
will in turn ask you the same question, pounding the table with his enormous
fist. He will fight for the kind of productivity that can only be achieved
through merciless competition. If your output is not up to scratch you will
simply be sent home and your career broken.
Personally I have never been to Tokyo, but I have had to work in a
country which was considered 'paradise' by the GRU top brass. Understandably,
for us it was 'hell'. A weak police system in that country meant that the other
residents continually used it as an intermediate base for their operations, and
it was a busy crossing point for GRU illegals, too. All of them had to be taken
care of and helped. Acting as a supply base for agent network operations is
rather like serving in a signals unit during a war: as long as communication
lines are maintained nobody remembers you, but should communications be
interrupted the signaller is sent to a penal battalion forthwith, charged with
the failure of the entire operation. The difference between us and the signals
boys lay in the fact that no matter how well we maintained supplies, how
successful our own work was, we also had to recruit agents. After all, we were
living in 'paradise', where the police was weak and Soviet diplomats were never
expelled.
I'd like to beg all who are responsible for the security of the West: be
human. Do expel Soviet spies occasionally. By expelling one you enable others
to reduce their frantic activity. A spy is a human being. He bears on his
shoulders the immense pressure of the gigantic GRU establishment, and he has no
excuse for any lapses. He needs one, so be human.
Who should be expelled first? The answer is obvious: the resident. The
expulsion of the resident is equivalent to clearing the King off the chess-
board: it spells checkmate to the 'residentura', no matter how aggressive and
successful it is. Usually the local police know who he is. He is easy to
identify. He has already served abroad for twelve to fifteen years, he has been
very active and, judging by the signs, successful. Now here he is serving
abroad again, in a senior diplomatic post, and hardly ever leaving the embassy,
but sitting there motionless, like a spider. Clearly it is against him that all
forces must be mobilised. This is not easy. He breaks no laws, does not speed
up and down the motorways day and night, carries no stolen secrets in his car.
But he is more dangerous than all his officers put together.
There is a deep-seated and erroneous belief that known residents should
not be allowed into the country. Sometimes they aren't, sometimes they are
simply not granted entry visas. This is a mistake. I will try to explain, using
my own resident as an example. He was a man of unflinching will and powerful
intellect, a true ace of spies: careful, perfidious, calculating and fearless.
He was promoted to major-general at the age of thirty-six, and he had a
brilliant career in front of him in the upper echelons of the GRU. But all he
wanted was to be a resident, and as a result he remained a major-general.
Without any doubt the Security Services in the West knew him well. Prior to one
of his postings abroad the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs asked for a
Belgian visa for him. It was refused. They asked for a French one — again
refused. Then a West German one — refused again. Finally a small country
with a soft, friendly government agreed to grant him entry. The GRU gave the
resident his final briefing, which of course included the names and addresses
of the members of the network run by the 'residentura'. As soon as he arrived
in the country he started extending the network speedily and vigorously, until
it was working successfully against the USA, against Belgium, against France,
against all the countries which had refused him entry. In other words, barring
a resident from a country does not mean rendering his network ineffective (see
Appendix C).
Now imagine another set of circumstances. Supposing the first country
approached, in this case Belgium, had issued the visa. The resident would be
briefed, let into all the 'residentura' secrets, and would arrive in the
country. However if, three to four months later, Belgium found some reason or
other to expel him, the results of this would be threefold:
1. The resident will have had time to disrupt the existing system of
work in the residency but not to build up a new system.
2. Having to leave the country suddenly, the resident will leave his
army without a commanding officer. Time will be needed for the successor's visa
application and more time to brief the new resident. In the interim the
residency will remain inactive.
3. The experienced resident, on returning to Moscow, will be completely
neutralised. For the following three to four years, visa applications cannot be
sent for him either to France or West Germany or any other country that Belgium
will have notified as an ally.
One experienced, authoritative, demanding and merciless resident serving
in a neutral country with ten officers under his command can sometimes harm the
West more than two hundred very active GRU officers working in the USA, Great
Britain, West Germany or France. This is not only a matter of my opinion, it is
also the opinion held by Moscow Centre, and it was the opinion held by my first
resident, who taught me unforgettable lessons in concentration on target,
persistence and mad risk. I am sincerely sorry that he has stayed the other
side of the barricade....
How should one go about the business of expulsion? The short answer is:
as noisily as possible. To expel a Soviet spy is of course a victory. But to
expel him noisily means that you are making as much capital out of the victory
as you can. The silent expulsion of a Soviet spy is an action directed against
one man. The noisy expulsion is a slap in the face for the GRU, for the KGB; it
is an action directed against all their spies, against thousands of unstable
people prepared to listen to the proposals of the Soviet intelligence service.
Here is another example encountered during my work.
I had a reasonably good relationship with a young man who agreed to
'lose' his passport. In return he agreed to 'find' some money. This was the
first step towards the morass. Further well-tried steps were planned which
would have pushed him deeper in each time; once in, he would never have been
able to get out. However, on the day scheduled for a meeting, an insignificant
local paper published an item stating that fifty per cent of the Soviet Embassy
staff were spies. So at our meeting, instead of losing the money I had with me
and finding his passport, I had to spend the time proving to him that the news
item was a lie. And it really was a barefaced lie, as at that time not fifty
but eighty per cent of the Embassy staff were spies. I managed to convince the
young man. We remained good friends ... but nothing more. He did not take the
crucial step. Should you, young man, be reading my book, my greetings to you. I
am glad for your sake, in spite of the fact that at the time I felt my failure
deeply. But what can a poor GRU spy do in a situation when the powerful free
Western press publishes such items at the least suitable moment?
Finally the question arises as to how many Soviet spies should be
expelled. The only answer is: all. What do you need them for? Why keep them in
your country? They are professionals specially selected and trained to destroy
your country. If you have the evidence to prove that they are spies —
expel them. Sometimes the theory is put forward that it is better to unearth a
spy and keep him under surveillance than to expel him, as then a new one will
be sent in and we will not know whom to keep under surveillance. That is
correct. But every expelled spy represents a nightmare to the new ones, who
fear deeply being appointed as replacements. Secondly, intelligence experience
is much more valuable than any amount of education, and one experienced spy is
a hundred times more dangerous than a young, green one. The more inexperienced
spies you have in your country the more mistakes will be made, the easier it
will be to watch them.
But if we expel people, runs the argument, the Soviet Union will
retaliate and expel our innocent diplomats from Moscow. That is so. But to that
there is an antidote — you must expel large groups of diplomats
simultaneously. Look at these statistics: Holland expelled one — the
Soviet Union's reply : two. Turkey expelled one — the reply : two. But if
you increase the number to five the Soviet reply will be five or fewer. Canada
expelled thirteen — the reply : two. France expelled forty-seven —
the reply: nil.
Great Britain simultaneously expelled 105 (the entire staff of the GRU
and KGB residencies). There was no comeback. If you take similar action against
Soviet spies I guarantee that your diplomats in Moscow will be safe. I
guarantee that your diplomats will be greatly respected, and that the Soviet
leadership will look for opportunities to improve its relations with you. The
Soviet leadership understands and acknowledges strength. But only strength and nothing
else. The Soviet Union can respect the sovereignty of any country, no matter
how small it looks on the map. But the Soviet Union respects the sovereignty
only of those nations who respect their own sovereignty and defend it.
I was condemned to death by the Military College of the Supreme Court
according to article 64a. My crime — betrayal of the homeland. I still
plead not guilty as charged. The betrayers of the homeland are those who are
now in the Kremlin. The betrayers of the homeland are those who shot millions
of the best Russian farmers. Russia has always grown wheat. Grain was its most
important export. Those who have made of Russia an importer of grain -they are
the betrayers who should be sentenced under article 64. On the eve of war the
communist leaders shot the best marshals and generals. They were motivated not
by the interests of the homeland, but by the desire to hold on to their power.
They should be tried in a court of law. For the deaths of the marshals and generals,
my people paid the price of tens of millions of lives. Those who are guilty of
that should be tried. Those in the Kremlin who have brought my people to
complete moral and physical degradation — they are the traitors. These
people are driving my comrades to their deaths in Afghanistan, demanding the
deaths of innocent people — they are the criminals.
If they at some future time should be judged and given their just
deserts, and if, then, my country then considered me to be a traitor also for
deserting it, then I am ready to take my punishment, but only after they have
taken theirs.
When I was in the GRU I could see two ways to protest: either I could
commit suicide; or I could escape to the West, explain my disagreement with the
communists and then commit suicide. I chose the second way, which is not a whit
easier than than the first. It is an agonising way. If any GRU officer now
finds himself in the same dilemma — to go or to stay — I advise him
to think over his decision a hundred times, and then again. If he is thinking
of fleeing to the West, then my advice to him is — don't do it. Article 64
will be waiting for him, as will the shameful epithet 'traitor', and an
agonising death, maybe even on the frontier itself. My advice would always be —
don't go. He shouldn't go until such time as he is certain why he is going. If
you want an easy life -don't go. If you like long, luxurious motorcars —
don't go, it is not worth it for the sake of a car. If you are attracted to
Western women — don't go, theirs are really no better than ours. If you
think that in the West it is good, and at home in Russia bad, then you are
mistaken — ours is a beautiful country. Don't go for the sake of foreign
beauties and wonders.
Only if you know there is no other way for you, if you consider your
leaders as criminals, if you yourself do not wish to be a criminal — then
you should go. If you are prepared to risk your life for one minute of
freedom — then go. If you don't feel yourself a traitor by going —
go. If, by going, you can bring nearer the moment when the communists are
judged by the people of our country, if you can help your people, if you are
then ready to stand before the people and await their decision on your
fate — then you must go. You will dream of Mother Russia every night, but
go for the sake of her future and I promise you that you will be happy.
Appendix
A
Leaders
of Soviet Military Intelligence
I soon realised that a history of the GRU would be a very fraught
undertaking. It is clear that the very shortest history of the GRU would fill
several massive tomes and could only be written after the fall of communist
power. The history written in this book consists only of isolated details, only
vague outlines of a continent shrouded in the mists. The picture may be made
clearer by studying the destiny of those individuals who have held the highest
power in Soviet military intelligence. In their destinies the whole history of
the organisation is reflected.
ARALOV, Simon Ivanovich: 18.12.1880 — 22.5.1969.
He was born in Moscow to rich merchant parents and educated to follow
his father's profession. In 1905 he joined the Tsar's army and served in WWI as
a major in military intelligence. A participant in the October Revolution he
was one of the creators of the Tcheka. In January 1918 he became chief of the
Operational Department of the Moscow military district. Rapidly promoted, in
October 1918 he became the first chief of military intelligence until July
1920. In 1920 he moved down to chief of intelligence, 12th Army, and then
regained ground commanding intelligence of the S.W. front. After 1921 he was a
deputy of the chief of military intelligence, working in Turkey, Latvia and
Lithuania as undercover ambassador and later was responsible for setting up
residencies in the United States, Germany and Japan. In 1937, dismissed from
all posts, he was employed as a deputy director of the Literature Museum.
Arrested in 1938, he spent three years under interrogation. In 1941 he was
serving as a private in a penal battalion. Four years later, he was a colonel,
and when the war was over he was taken back into the GRU. Then, arrested in
1946, he spent ten years in a concentration camp. On his liberation he was
immediately appointed deputy to the chief of the GRU. In 1957 he was again
dismissed in the Zhukov/ Shtemyenko purge, but lived quietly until his death.
STIGGA, Oskar Ansovich: 1894 — 29.7.38.
Born in Latvia, he served in WWI and became a communist after the
Revolution, and a leader of the Red Latvian Riflemen. He engaged in suppressing
counterrevolutionaries in Moscow and became a private bodyguard of Lenin. In
October 1918 he was a deputy of the chief of military intelligence and
immediately moved as an illegal into Poland, Lithuania and Latvia. In 1919 he
became chief of intelligence of the Western front, and in August 1920 became
chief of military intelligence. Reduced to deputy status after 1922, he
travelled extensively as an illegal to create new networks until his recall to
Moscow in 1938, when he was shot.
NIKONOV, A.M. (Nikonson): ? — 29.7.38.
It remains uncertain whether this was his real name or simply a party
pseudonym like Lenin, Stalin, Trotski, Zinoviev and others. His date of birth
is unknown. He was chief of military intelligence after Stigga, but it is not
known whether Berzin took over from him or from another, so far unidentified,
chief of military intelligence. He too was executed in the great terror of
1938.
2nd Grade Army Commissar BERZIN, Yan Karlovich (real name Kyuzis
Peteris): 13.11.1889 — 29.7.38.
Born in Latvia, Berzin joined the Social-Democratic Party in 1904. He
was conscripted into the army in the First World War but deserted and went
underground. He took part in the October Revolution and afterwards he worked in
the central apparatus of the NKVD and in the NKVD in Latvia. One of the main
organisers of the 'Red Terror', he initiated the hostages system. He was also a
fervent supporter of the establishment of a communist dictatorship in Latvia
and one of the organisers and leaders of the Latvian Red Army (subsequently the
15th Army). He was head of a special department of this army and played a part
in the suppression of the Russian sailors' mutiny at Kronstadt. He particularly
distinguished himself in the course of the pursuit and liquidation of captured
sailors. >From April 1921 he was Deputy Head of Intelligence Directorate
(GRU) but, from his first days in military intelligence, he was, de facto, its
head. With effect from March 1924 he became its head legally as well. He was
one of the most talented, industrious and successful heads of intelligence, the
creator of the most powerful and successful intelligence organisations in
existence anywhere. He personally recruited and ran the most outstanding
intelligence officers — Yakov Mrachkovski (Gorev), Moshe Milstein (Mikhail
M), Ruth and Rolf Werner, Richard Sorge, Lev Manevich, Sandor Rado, Karl Ramm,
Aino Kuusinen, Ignati Reis and the most eminent intelligence officer of the
20th century, Konstantin Efremov. In 1936 Berzin transferred the Soviet military
intelligence command post from Moscow to Madrid, where he carried out his most
notable recruitments while he was working under cover, officially designated as
chief military adviser to the Republican Government. In order to sustain this
cover story his deputies Uritski and Unshlikht carried out his duties in
Moscow. On returning from Spain he continued to lead military intelligence. On
13 May 1938 he was arrested and on 29 July he was shot.
UNSHLIKHT, losif Stanislavovich: 19.12.1879 — 29.7.1938. An hereditary
Polish nobleman and an active member of the Polish (left-wing) Social-
Democratic Party, he was one of the leaders of the October Revolution.
Immediately after the revolution he became a member of the NKVD college. He
began the policy of state terror before Dzerzhinsky, and at one time he was
considered by Soviet historians as the 'first founder of the Tcheka' at the
same time as Dzerzhinsky was considered the 'chief founder of the Tcheka'. A
fervent supporter of the establishment of communism in Poland, in 1920 he was a
member of the 'Polish Revolutionary Government'. From 1921-23 he was deputy
chairman of the All-Russian Tcheka and one of the fathers of the 'Red Terror».
From 1923 he was deputy head of the registration directorate (GRU). In the interests
of cover he constantly filled responsible posts in the Soviet Government and
the Red Army. He travelled abroad several times with false documents to
organise illegal work in Poland, Lithuania and Germany. In 1935-36 during
Berzin's absence he carried out the duties of chief of the GRU although he
remained in fact only deputy to Berzin. He was shot with Berzin in the cellar
of the 'Hotel Metropole' in Moscow.
Corps Commander URITSKI, Solomon Petrovich: 1895-1937 was chief of the
GRU during Berzin's absence. He was shot in the first wave of the Terror.
Commissar-General of State Security EZHOV, Nikolai Ivanovich:
1895 — 1940. A petty official who only joined the Bolsheviks when it
became clear that they had won, he occupied insignificant party posts in the
provinces, but from 1927 Ezhov was in Stalin's personal secretariat. In 1930 he
was in charge of the Central Committee Personnel Department and in 1935 Party
Secretary, controller of NKVD work. In 1936 he became Peoples' Commissar for
Internal Affairs and Commissar-General for State Security. In 1937-38 there
began under his leadership the 'great purge' which started as a purge of the
NKVD and was then extended to the army, the party and the entire country. On 29
July 1938 there was a repeat purge of the GRU and, having liquidated the whole
of the leadership and the operational staff, he took over its control, thus
establishing a monopoly of secret activities in the state. From this moment on
it would be impossible for the activites of the GRU and NKVD to be subject to
reciprocal checking. However, the monopoly alarmed Stalin and 29 July saw the
beginning of Ezhov's downfall. In October he was removed from his post. He was
arrested in January 1939 and liquidated after atrocious torture. According to
unconfirmed data, he was buried alive at the NKVD sanatorium at Sukhanovo.
One of the bloodiest careers in the history of mankind. Ezhov was the
shortest serving Chief of the GRU and suffered the most painful death. The date
of his death has not been established with certainty; there are grounds for
thinking it could have been on 4 June 1940. There are also grounds for
believing that Ivan Serov, a future chief of the GRU, played a personal part in
Ezhov's death.
Lieut-General of Aviation PROSKUROV, Ivan losifovich: ? — 5.7.1940.
An outstanding Soviet intelligence officer and fighter pilot, he combined both
these professions simultaneously. In 1937-38 he served as a Soviet Military
Adviser in Spain. He took part in air battles and shot down several enemy aircraft.
At the same time he carried out a series of first-class recruitments amongst
internationalists of many countries and assured a regular flow of military and
military-technical intelligence. On his return from Spain he became chief of
the GRU, a post he occupied from the end of 1938 to July 1940. He openly came
out against the pact with Hitler. On the 4 July 1940 he was arrested, and the
following day shot without trial.
Marshal of the Soviet Union GOLIKDV, Filipp Ivanovich: 16.7.1900 —
29.6.1980. He entered the Red Army as a volunteer in 1918 and took an active
part in the suppression of anti-communist peasant riots on the staff of the 3rd
Army Special Punitive Brigades. After the civil war he commanded a regiment,
brigade, division and corps. In September 1939 he fought in Poland as commander
of the 6th Army. In 1940 he became the chief of the GRU. After Hitler's
invasion and the loss of contact with the most important agent network he
transferred the GRU command point from Moscow to London under the guise of the
Soviet military mission. In October 1941 he returned to the USSR. He commanded
an army, then a front. From April 1943 he was deputy to Stalin for Red Army
cadres, and, at the same time, from 1944 directed operations against the
Russian Liberation Army and the search for, and liquidation of, the leaders and
those taking part in the Russian anti-communist opposition. Golikov de facto
directed the forcible repatriation and destruction of more than a million
people who did not want to return to the USSR. Golikov directed the post-war
purge of the Army. When it was over he himself was removed from all his posts.
He spent two years in prison, but by 1950 he was commanding another army and,
from 1956, he was Academy Chief. >From 1958 he was head of the Chief
Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and, simultaneously, Director of a
Party Central Committee Department. Golikov agreed to be Army Controller on the
side of the Party. In 1961 he was made Marshal of the Soviet Union. In May 1962
he was removed from office without much rumpus or scandal, however. Golikov may
be said to have had the most distinguished career in the whole Soviet Army.
>From July 1941 to July 1942 Aleksei Pavlovich PANFILOV was Chief of
the GRU. He was shot in 1942. In 1942-43 the GRU leadership was held by Ivan
Ivanovich ILICHEV. He was also shot.
Colonel-General KUZNETSOV, Fedor Fedotovich: 6.2.1904 — 1979. . A
country boy who came to Moscow and became a factory worker, he quickly assessed
the situation, joined the Party and embarked on an meteoric career. By 1937 he
was 1st Secretary of the Proletarski district of Moscow, and in the heat of the
great purge he showed exceptional cruelty. In 1938 he was called up into the
Army and appointed deputy head of the Chief Political Directorate. He was an
active participant in the army purge which included the GRU, and from 1943 he
was chief of the GRU. On his appointment Stalin asked him whether he could be
as good an intelligence officer as he had been earlier Party Controller of the
Army. Kuznetsov's reply—'Is there any great difference?'—has become proverbial.
Kuznetsov at work demonstrated that there was no great difference between the
cruel, bloody struggle within the party and intelligence work. He was one of
the cruellest but also one of the most successful chiefs of the GRU. In 1943 he
received the plans of operation 'Citadel' (the German attack near Kursk) before
General-Field Marshal E. von Manstein, whose duty it was to implement those
plans. Kuznetsov had a special role to play in the organisation and carrying
out of the great powers' conference in Teheran and, as a reward for his success
in this, received the rank of Colonel-General. In 1945 he played an active part
in the preparations and implementation of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences and
also personally directed operations to steal American atomic technology.
In 1948, at the height of the post-war purges Stalin appointed Kuznetsov
supreme Party Controller of the Army — Head of the Chief Political
Directorate. He held this post right up to the time of Stalin's death,
mercilessly purging the Soviet Army of dissidents. After Stalin's death a slow
decline set in, first to the post of Head of the Chief Personnel Directorate at
the Ministry of Defence, then Academy Head and, finally, Head of the Political
Directorate of the Northern Group of Forces. He retired in 1969.
General of the Army SHTEMYENKO, Sergei Matveevich: 7.2.1907 —
23.4.1976. Shtemyenko joined the Red Army as a volunteer. He completed military
training and two academy courses, and from 1940 was on the General Staff. His
rise was swift. In 1943 he was head of the Operations Directorate of the
General Staff and one of the principal Soviet military planners and the closest
to Stalin. He accompanied Stalin to the Teheran conference. He became chief of
the GRU from April 1946, General of the Army and Chief of the General Staff
from November 1948. In June 1952, at the time of the squabble between Stalin
and the Politburo he came out on Stalin's side and was, by Politburo decree, stripped
of all his posts, demoted to Lieut-General and despatched to command the Volga
military district staff. In 1956, at Marshal Zhukov's demand, he was returned
to Moscow, reinstated in his rank of General of the Army and re- appointed
chief of the GRU. In October 1957 during the conspiracy against Zhukov, he came
out on Zhukov's side. Once again he was stripped of his offices, demoted to
Lieut-General and sent off to command a military district staff. In June 1962
he was Chief of Staff for Land Forces. In 1968 his rank of General of the Army
was restored and he was appointed First Deputy Chief of the General
Staff — Chief of Staff of the Warsaw Pact. He was still in favour when he
died.
Shtemyenko's career was feverish as well as resilient. He was pat forward
three times for the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union, the first time at the
age of forty-one, but he never received the honour. He is considered to have
been the most energetic, erudite and merciless of all GRU chiefs.
General of the Army KURASOV, Vladimir Vasilievich: 7.7.1897 —
29.11.73. A Russian Army officer who went over to the side of the communists
after the revolution. He served on various staffs, and from 1940 was deputy
head of the General Staff Operations Directorate. During the war he was Chief
of Staff of the 4th Shock Army, and later a front. After the war he was
Commander-in-Chief of the Central group of forces in Austria. Promoted General
of the Army, he was made chief of the GRU in February 1949. In the same year he
was removed from this office and appointed Chief of the General Staff Academy.
From 1956-61 he was Deputy Chief of the General Staff. His career ran smoothly.
It has been said that, having accepted the GRU post and learning of the fate of
all his predecessors Kurasov, on a specious pretext, declined the office and
transferred to a less hazardous post. This story is corroborated by several
independent sources
Marshal of the Soviet Union ZAKHAROV, Matvei Vasilievich:
5.8.1898 — 31.1.1972.
Zakharov was in Petrograd in the First World War and avoided being
conscripted into the Army. He came out actively against the war, joined the Red
Guard in April 1917 and stormed the Winter Palace. He then took part in the
suppression of anti-communist manifestations and held unimportant posts in the
Red Army. By 1936 he had worked himself up to the command of a regiment. The
great purge opened up many vacancies, and in July 1937 Zakharov was Chief of
Staff of the Leningrad Military District, and, from May 1938, Deputy Chief of
the General Staff. During the war he was Chief of Staff of the 9th Army and
later front, and, after the war, Head of the General Staff Academy. He became
chief of the GRU in January 1949. In June 1952 a fierce struggle broke out
about convening the 19th Party Congress. The Politburo insisted, Stalin
objected. The Chief of the General Staff Shtemyenko, and the Chief of the GRU
Zakharov, supported Stalin and were dismissed from their posts. After Stalin's
death Zakharov's fall continued, but in May 1953 he was appointed Commander of
the Leningrad Military District and was able to hold on to this post. In
October 1957 a struggle broke out between the Politburo and Marshal Zhukov.
Zakharov was fully on the side of the Politburo and for this he was immediately
appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. In 1959
he was made Marshal of the Soviet Union, and Chief of the General Staff in
1960. In 1963 he was dismissed. He took an active part in the conspiracy
against Khruschev and, after the successful coup d'etat was re-appointed Chief
of the General Staff where he served up to September 1971—practically up to the
time of his death.
Colonel-General SHALIN, Mikhail Alekseevich was chief of the GRU from
1951-56 and from November 1957 to December 1958.
General of the Army SEROV, Ivan Alekseevich.
An officer of military intelligence, at the time of the purges of the
GRU he managed not only to survive but also to transfer to work in the NKVD. On
12 June 1937 he appeared in the capacity of executioner of Marshal Tukhachevski
and other leading figures of the Red Army. Amongst all the protagonists of the
terror he distinguished himself as the most fervent exponent of 'scenes on a
massive scale'. He took part in the pursuit and liquidation of the inhabitants
of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in 1940 and in 1944-47. Data exists as to his
personal involvement in the murder of the Polish officers in Katyn. During the
war Serov was one of the leaders of Smersh, and in August 1946 he personally
took part in the execution of the command of the Russian Liberation Army under
Lieut-General Vlasov. Subsequently he betrayed his leaders in Smersh and the
NKGB, going over in time to the camp of the victorious groups. He deserted
Abakumov's group for that of Beria and betrayed him (as did General
Ivashutin — the present GRU leader). In 1953 he was deputy chief of the
GRU and one of the conspirators against Beria. After the fall of Beria, Serov
became Chairman of the KGB. Together with Ambassador Andropov he seized the
leaders of the Hungarian revolution by deceit and took part in their torture
and execution. In December 1958 Serov became chief of the GRU. As an ex-KGB and
Smersh officer he had many enemies in the GRU. Under Serov's leadership,
corruption in GRU attained unbelievable proportions. In 1962 he was dismissed
and quietly liquidated.
Serov's was the dirtiest career in the history of the GRU. He displayed
a high degree of personal sadism. The years when Serov was chief of the GRU
were also the most unproductive in its history. It was the only period when GRU
officers voluntarily made contact with Western services and gave them much more
valuable information than they took from them.
General of the Army IVASHUTIN, Peter Ivanovitch: 5.9.1909 –
A volunteer in the punitive formations of the Special Purpose Units,
Ivashutin came into Army counter-intelligence from 1931. During the war he held
leading posts in Smersh. Even at this time Ivashutin had powerful enemies in
the NKGB. In 1944-45 he was chief of Smersh on the 3rd Ukrainian Front and in
that capacity waged a ferocious struggle against the Ukrainian insurgent army
and played an active role in the establishment of communist order in Bulgaria,
Yugoslavia and Hungary. It was at this time that he first met Brezhnev, and in
all subsequent activities the two men always supported each other. At the end
of the war Ivashutin took part in the forcible repatriation of Soviet citizens
who did not want to return to the Soviet Union. He also played a special part
in the liquidation of soldiers and officers of the Russian Liberation Army.
After the disbandment of Smersh he managed to outlive its other leaders by a
timely transfer out of the Abakumov faction into that of Beria. At Beria's
downfall he went over to the Serov faction and was appointed head of the KGB
3rd Chief Directorate. He then took part in the arrest and liquidation of
Serov. On Brezhnev's recommendation in 1963, Ivashutin was appointed chief of
the GRU. In this position he had a number of very serious confrontations with
the KGB and personally with Andropov. However, Ivashutin defended the interests
of the Army with more vigour than any of his predecessors and, therefore, in
spite of his past ties with the KGB, enjoyed unlimited support from the first
deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers, the chairman of the Military
Industrial Complex Smirnov as well as Marshals Ustinov and Ogarkov. After
Andropov's coming to power Ivashutin held on to his post in view of powerful
support within the Army.
Appendix
B
The
GRU High Command and Leading GRU Officers
The following list gives names of the most prominent senior GRU officers
with their official titles where possible. This is followed by an alphabetical
list of some of the known operational officers working under cover around the
world.
Army General IVASHUTIN, Petr Ivanovich: deputy chief of the General
Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces. Head of GRU. Official pseudonyms 'Tovarishch
Mikhailov', 'Dyadya Petya'. The first pseudonym is also used in connection with
all military intelligence.
Col-General LEMZENKO, Kir Gavirlovich: GRU representative in the Party
Central Committee; 'Papa Rimski'.
Col-General PAVLOV, Aleksandr Grigorevich: first deputy chief of GRU.
Admiral BEKRENEV: deputy chief of GRU.
Col-General ZOTOV, Arkady Vasilievich: deputy chief of GRU, head of
Information.
Col-General MESHCHERYAKOV, V.V.: deputy chief of GRU, head of the
Military Diplomatic Academy.
Col-General IZOTOV, S.I.: head of GRU Personnel Directorate.
Col-General SIDOROV, Y.I.
Lieutenant-Generals and Vice Admirals (approximately 20)
Lt-General DOLIN, G.I.: head of GRU Political Department.
Lt-General GURENKO, Vyacheslav Tikhonovich: head of the Illegals
Training Centre.
Lt-General Aviation SHATALOV, Vladimir Aleksandrovich: GRU
representative at the Cosmonaut Training Centre.
Lt-General KOLODYAZHNY, Boris Gavrilovich: GRU deputy chief for Internal
Security.
Lt-General MILSTEIN, Moshe: GRU deputy chief for Disinformation. A
former illegal and author of top secret manual Honourable Service. Codename
'Tovarishch M', 'Mikhail M.'.
Lt-General KOSTIN P.T.: chief of GRU 3rd (?) Directorate.
Lt-General Engineer PALIY A.: chief of GRU 6th Directorate.
Lt-General GONTAR: chief of GRU 7th Directorate.
Lt-General DRACHEV I.M.
Lt-General KOZLOV M.: Chief of GRU llth (?) Directorate.
Lt-General BERKUTOV, S.: Information Service.
Vice Admiral ROZHKO, Gennadi Aleksandrovich.
Major-Generals and Rear Admirals (approximately 125)
Maj-General Aviation CHIZHOV, Mikhail Terentyevich.
Rear Admiral KALININ, Valeri Petrovich.
Maj-General Aviation KUCHUMOV, Aleksandr Mikhailovich.
Maj-General SHITOV.
Rear Admiral KLYUZOV, Serafim Timofeevich.
Maj-General BARANOV, Aleksandr Vasilievich.
Maj-General LYALIN, Mikhail Ammosovich.
Maj-General BEPPAEV S.U.: Chief of Intelligence of Group Soviet Forces
in Germany.
Maj-General Artillery LYUBIMOV, Viktor Andreevich.
Maj-General GONCHAROV, Gennadi Grigorevich.
Maj-General KHOMYAKOV, Aleksandr Sergeevich.
Rear Admiral KOZLOV, Andrei Nikolaevich.
Maj-General MIKHAILOV, Boris Nikolaevich.
Maj-General ZIMIN, Valentin Yakovlevich.
Maj-General ANDRYANOV, V.: Spetsnaz.
Maj-General Aviation MIKRYUKOV, L.
Maj-General GLAZUNOV, N.
Rear Admiral SMIRNOV, M.
Leading GRU Officers
ABRAMOV, Vladimir Mikhailovich
BAYLIN, Vladimir Ivanovich
BELOUSOV, Mikolai Mikhailovich
BELOUSOV, Konstantin Nikolaevich
BLINOV, Boris Afanasyevich
BARCHUGOV
BORISOV, Gennadi Alekseevich
BORODIN, Viktor Mikhailovich
BUDENNY
BOROVINSKI, Petr Fedorovich
BUBNOV, Nikolai Ivanovich
BUTAKOV, Ilya Petrovich
DEMIN, Mikhail Alekseevich
DENISOV
DORONKIN, Kirill Sergeevich
EGOROV, Anatoli Egorovich
ERMAKOV, Aleksandr Ivanovich
ERSHOV, Yuri Alekseevich
EVDOKIMOV, Sergei Vasilevich
FEKLENKO, Vladimir Nikolaevich
FILATOV, Anatoli
FILIPPOV, Anatoli Vasilevich
GENERALOV, Vsevolod Nikolaevich
GERASIMOV
KAPALKIN, Sergei Vasilevich
KASHEVAROV, Evgeni Mikhailovich
KOZYPITSKI, Gleb Sergeevich
LOVCHIKOV, Vasili Dmitrievich
LAVROV, Valeri Alecseevich
LEMEKHOV, Dmitri Aleksandrovich
LOBANOV, Vitali Ilich
LOGINOV, Igor Konstantinovich
MOROZOV, Ivan Yakovlevich
MYAKISHEV, Aleksei Nikolaevich
NEDOZOROV, Valentin Viktorovich
NOSKOV, Nikolai Stepanovich
OSIPOV, Oleg Aleksandrovich
PAVLENKO, Yuri Kuzmich
PETROV, Nikolai Kirillovich
PIVOBAROV, Oleg Ivanovich
POLYAKOV, Boris Alekseevich
POPOV, Gennadi Fedorovich
POTAPENKO, Leonid Terentyevich
POTSELUEV, Evgeni Aleksandrovich
PUTILIN, Mikhail Semenovich
RATNIKOV, Valentin Mikhailovich
RADIONOV, Aleksandr Sergeevich
ROMANOV, Anatoli Aleksandrovich
RUBANOV, Aleksandr Nikolaevich
SALEKHOV, Yuri Nikolaevich
SAVIN, Viktor Grigorevich
SELUNSKI, Valentin Ivanovich
SEMENOV, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich
SERGEEV, Yuri Pavlovich
SHEPELEV, Viktor Petrovich
SHIPOV, Vladilen Nikolaevich
SOKOLOV, Viktor Aleksandrovich
STRELBITSKI, Vladimir Vasilevich
STUDENIKIN, Ivan Yakovlevich
SUKHAREV, Georgi Nikolaevich
SUVOROV, Georgi Borisovich
UMNOV, Valentin Aleksandrovich
VETROV, Yuri Pavlovich
VILKOV, Boris Nikolaevich
VINOGRADOV, Feliks Vasilevich
VOLNOV, Vladimir Grigorevich
VOLOKITIN, Vladimir Ivanovich
VOTRIN, Sergei Ivanovich
VYBORNOV, Ivan Yakovlevich
YAKUSHEV, Ivan Ivanovich
YURASOV, Viktor Vladimirovich
ZHELANNOV, Vladimir Mikhailovich
ZHEREBTSON, Aleksandr Vasilevich
ZHERNOV, Leonid Andreevich
ZHURAVLEV, Ivan Mikhailovich
ZOTOV, Viktor Nikolaevich
Appendix
C
Some
Case Histories of GRU Activities
Rather than sprinkling the text with examples I have put together a
representative sample of GRU officers uncovered in the course of operations
abroad, as reported in the press. The number of GRU officers caught and
expelled and the nature of their activities is indicative of the power and
scale of the GRU.
Canada and the United States
In June 1980 the Canadians announced that they had requested the
withdrawal of three Soviet officials from the Embassy, Captain Igor A. Bardeev,
Colonel E.I. Aleksanjan and the chauffeur Sokolov. The case involved an unnamed
individual employed in a sensitive position in the USA, who had been in contact
with the Soviet Embassy and been given the task of obtaining information.
Soviet officials had maintained clandestine contact with the American citizen
over a period of some months.
France
In October 1979 the Naval and Air Attach6 of the Soviet Embassy in
France, Vladimir Kulik, was expelled from the country. He was an officer of the
GRU working in French military circles and had been in contact with firms
specialising in military supplies. In 1979, at a reception in another embassy,
he had met by chance a young Frenchman employed in the armaments department of
an important organisation who was carrying out studies on behalf of the
Ministry of Defence. Kulik sought to maintain contact with the Frenchman, and
in due course offered him a large sum of money for documents from his place of
work. He also sought to find out details about other staff at the organisation
where the Frenchman worked. Kulik was arrested at the moment when he was about
to receive from the Frenchman a document about a French weapon.
In February 1980 the Soviet Consul and No. 2 in Marseilles was
withdrawn. He had been detained by the French authorities between Toulon and
Marseilles with plans of the Mirage 2000 fighter aircraft in his briefcase.
They had just been handed to him by an agent.
Travkov had arrived in 1977. The area of Marseilles and the Bouches du
Rhone contains many installations and objects of defence interest. Travkov was
officially concerned with 'scientific subjects connected with the port and
airport', and these interests enabled him to meet people involved in the
aeronautical field and to visit firms and installations. Travkov obtained
copies of files on staff working on defence contracts and used the details thus
revealed to build up a network of informers. Four Frenchmen were taken into
custody at the time of Travkov's arrest. Travkov had also been interested in
the twin-jet Mirage 4000 which used the same engine as the 2000.
The Soviet Press Attache declared the French action a 'provocation by
the police' but the documents were, of course, genuine. A few days later
Frolov, himself a KGB officer, was required to leave France too. He had been in
Marseilles for two years and had earlier had a posting to Paris. His job, like
Travkov's, had given him opportunities to meet all sorts of people and he had
made the most of it. Both Travkov and Frolov were personable, charming
individuals who made many friends.
Great Britain
Anatoliy Pavlovich Zotov, the Soviet Naval Attache in London, was
expelled in December 1982 after trying to set up a network of agents to gather
information about weapons systems and electronic hardware used by the Royal Navy
during the Falklands campaign. His interests had also extended to the Royal
Navy's nuclear submarines.
Japan
A retired Japanese major-general, Yukihisa Miyanaga was arrested in
Tokyo in January 1980. He was a GRU agent whose case officer at the time of his
arrest was Colonel Yuriy N. Koslov, Military and Air Attache at the Soviet
Embassy. Miyanaga had been recruited as an agent in 1974 by one of Koslov's
predecessors. He was equipped with and instructed in various means of
clandestine communication, including particular ciphers for use with radio.
Miyanaga and two other officers of the Japanese Ground Self-Defence Force were
subsequently sentenced to long terms of imprisonment for passing military
secrets to the GRU.
Norway
Valeriy Moiseevich Mesropov served in Norway as an engineer with a
Russian firm in Drammen, as a representative of Stankoimport, from 1968 to
1970. Mesropov, who was not a diplomat, was arrested in 1970 on suspicion of
intelligence activity and finally expelled from Norway for security reasons in
September 1970.
Igor Ivanovich Zashchirinsky served in Norway from 1974 to 1977 as
representative at the Soviet Trade Delegation of a number of Soviet
import/export organisations. He was engaged on clandestine operations to obtain
information and products of a scientific/technical nature including material
classified as Top Secret. He too was declared persona non grata on 28 January
1977.
In June 1983 Lt-Colonel Zagrebnev was expelled from Norway. He was
Military Attache at the Embassy in Oslo, and had visited a military area in the
north of Norway, where he had attempted to bribe a Norwegian officer to hand
over secret information.
Spain
Oleg Churanov, Director of Aeroflot in Madrid, was arrested in February
1980, accused of espionage for the Soviet Union. His case was part of another
expulsion of six officials who had already left. It was alleged that Churanov
had bought plans of certain aviation electronic equipment. The 'seller' was a
member of the Spanish Secret Services who purported to be a member of a Spanish
firm. Churanov was an engineer who had been Aeroflot representative in Canada
before coming to Spain. He was very popular with staff and pilots at Madrid
airport where he had shown interest in radio frequencies and the security
regulations at the airport. He had also tried, on one occasion, to get a
Spanish pilot to introduce him into the American airport at Tarrejon. The
Spanish security authorities themselves claimed that Churanov was a member of
the GRU.
In May 1982 the Aeroflot Director in Spain was again expelled for
spying, this time with another official. Vasiliy Fedorin and Vladimir
Tertishnikov were accused of trying to obtain information on the supply of US
military materials to Spain and on Spanish weapons manufacturers.
Sweden
In March 1979
Stig Bergling, a Swedish police inspector and reserve officer, was arrested in
Israel. He had been an agent of the GRU for some ten years. In January 1969 he
had begun service with the Police Board, and from 1971-75 was given leave of
absence to serve in the Defence Ministry and to do duty with the UN. Bergling
had access to information about security police personnel and counter-espionage
organisations; and about defence establishments and Swedish defence plans. He
was equipped with radio to receive messages from the GRU, and also made use of
micro-dots. He kept in touch with his case officers in a number of countries,
particularly in the Middle East, having been trained in East Berlin.